Question

15. Given the following concentrations of ions in the intracellular and extracellular fluids of a cell; inside the cell: Na+
9. The subatomic interaction between atoms that create a bond are the specific result of interaction. 10. Fingertip cells are
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15.

The Nernst equation to calculate the equilibrium potential for K+ is:

Veq. = RT/zF * ln ([X]out/[X]in)

where R is the universal gas constant (8.314 Joules per Kelvin per mole); T is the temperature in Kelvin (in the living cell the temperature is 36.5°C = 273.15 + 36.5°C); z is the valence of the ion (+1 for K+); F is the Faraday's constant (96485 coulombs per mole); [X]out is the concentration of K+ in the extracellular fluid; [X]in is the concentration of K+ intracellular.

Substituting the values we obtain:

Veq. =  8.314*308.65/1*96485 * ln([5mM]/[150mM])

Veq. = -90.45 mV for K+

When extracellular concentration raises from 5 mm to 10 mm, we get:

Veq. =  8.314*308.65/1*96485 * ln([10mM]/[150mM])

Veq. = -72.02 mV for K+

Because the equilibrium potential is more positive when [k+] is raised, then, a depolarization is stimulated.

9. The force that keeps the electrons bonded to the atom is the electromagnetic force. Protons and neutrons are bonded to the atoms by the strong force.

The subatomic interaction between atoms that create a bond are the specific result of electromagnetic and strong force interactions.

10. Fingertip cells are different from retinal cells. The localization and their membrane receptors are the reasons for the different shapes and functions of the cell.

Because the fingertip cells are exposed to the physical contact and must respond to the mechanical and chemical stimuli. While the retinal cells respond to light and for this reason these cells have proteins specialized in the capture of photons.

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