Question

9 Name IONIC and COVALENT BONDING LAB ACTIVITY, PROCEDURE and REPORT SHEET BIG IDEAS: ectron configurations determine how atoms combine to form chemical bonds. 2. According to the valence bond theory, the outermost electrons of atoms, the valence electrons, are the ones involved in bonding. 3. Atoms of elements can LOSE, GAIN, or SHARE electrons so that each atom involved achieves a noble gas electron configuration. This is known as the OCTET RULE 4. When atoms lose or gain electrons, charged particles known as ions form. Positive ions are called cations. Negative ions are called anions. 5. When two atoms share one pair of electrons, the bond is called a single covalent bond. A double bond involves two pairs of electrons, and a triple bond involves three pair of electrons PROCEDURE: IONIC BONDING 1. Examine the electron configuration of the atom, Na and the cation, Na* Na 1s 2s 2p 3s a. How does Na" form? b. What makes Na* a stable cation? Compare the group number for the element, Na and the+ charge on Na c. 2. Examine the electron configuration of the atom, Mg and the cation, Mg Mg 1s 2s 2p a. How does Mg+ form? b. What makes Mg?" a stable cation? c. Compare the group number for the element, Mg and the 2+ charge on Mg" 9-3

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3. Examine the electron configuration ofthe Aland the cation, Al. Ap 12'2p a. How does AP form? loss of three electr b. What makes APh a stable caton? Noble gas electronic configuration - octet rule c. Compare the group number for the element, Al and the 3+ charge on Al" AP18th group 4. Write a general statement that can be used to predict the charge on metal ions in A groups on the periodic table. Examine the electron configuration of the atom, F and the anion, F 5. 1s 2s a. How does F form? gain of one electron b. What makes F a stable anion? Noble gas electronic configuration - octet rule c. Compare the group number for the element, F and the- charge on F F.... 17th group 6. Examine the electron configuration of the atom, O and the anion, O a How does fom? gain of two electrons b. What makes O2 a stable anion? Noble gas electronic configuration - octet rule c. Compare the group number for the element, O and the 2- charge on O2- 0....18th group 9-4

7. Examine the electron confi a. How did N3 form? Gain of three electrons b. What makes N3- a stable anion? Noble gas electronic configuration - octet rule Compare the group number for the element, N and the 3- charge on N" N3-..18th group N....15th group 8. W Vrite a general statement that can be used to prediet the charge on nonmetal ions in A groups on the periodic table. 9. Every ION formed on pages 3 -5 has the same electron configuration, 1s 2s '2p Which element has this electron configuration? Neon (Ne) 10. Ion formation occurs only when atoms of two elements are present, an element to LOSE electrons and an element to GAIN electrons. The total number of electrons lost by one element must be the same as the total number of electrons gained by the other element. Thus positive and negative ions must be formed at the same time. This is accomplished when the total negative charge is equal to the total positive charge in the ionic compound, Examine the two examples shown on page 6 and then complete the table. 9-5