Question

1. Descri be the process of a bacterial transformation. Explain how scientists can make bacteria take up DNA in a laboratory setting. (15 pts.) 2. Genetic transformations are not limited to bacteria. There are real-world applications where scientists have taken genes from one organism and inserted them into another organism. Give an example of how a genetically modified organism (can be any organ- ism, you are not limited to bacteria) have been used to solve real-world issues. Describe the organisms and gene(s) that were manipulated. Explain how the transgenic organism is beneficial to us (i.e., Does it help us produce better medicine? Does it help crops grow faster? Does it help decrease pollution? etc.). (25 pts.)

Answer 1

transfer of genetic matrrial from one bacterium to other through cell membrane with direct contact between the two is called as transformation. Cells that are capable of taking up the ecogenous DNA are called as competent cells.

For effective transformation, a recepient cell must be in competence to take up foreign DNA from its sorrounding.

In laboratory conditions, competence of bacteria for transformation is increased by placing bacteria in a medium containing divalent ions such as calcium chloride. The bacteria are then placed in ice cold conditions which is followed by brief heat shock. Calcium chloride disrupts the plasma membrane by making small pores which allows the foreign DNA enter the host cell.