2. The history of cell membranes serves as an excellent example of how the development of new tools in cell and molecular biology can contribute to our knowledge about a particular cell process or organelle. Explain how each of the following was significant to our current model of the cell membrane.
a. Freeze-fracture
b. Antibodies, Cell Fusion and Capping
c. Concanavalin A and FRAP
d. Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix Proteins
Answer:
a) Freeze-fracture: As the name suggests the sample is frozen and fractured on weaker portions of cell such as membranes. Cleaving is followed by shadowed with platinum film that forms the replica of surfaces. This replica is then coated with carbon and imaged with TEM. This is the only unusual method used to study the tight junctions of membrane glycoproteins.
b) Antibodies specific to plasma membrane helps in identifying the morphology and function of membrane.Also the protein of cell membrane and its specifc functions like transporter, receptor can be elucidated.Cell fusion is required for cell maturation to maintain specific functions during growth.Capping helps in identifying the fluid nature of cell membrane.
c) Concanavalin A and FRAP: Concanavalin A stimulates T-cells to give to distict T-cell populations. This is used to charecterize molecules such as glycoproteins and sugar-containing entities on cell surface.
Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) studies the mobility and interaction of fluorescently-labeled biological molecules within living cells and membranes.
d) Cytoskeleton is important for cell transport and cell division. Antibodies, proteins, inhibitors modulate cytoskeleton. These products helps in understading interactions between actin filaments influencing cell division and health.
2. The history of cell membranes serves as an excellent example of how the development of...
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