4) Propose a series of procedures to determine whether a patient
has a urinary tract infection.
5) Describe mechanisms of transfer of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Chapter Section: 27.2
6) Discuss how recent advances in the molecular biology of nucleic acids have revolutionized methods used for the identification of infectious disease agents and how they are favored over traditional biochemical tests. Chapter Section: 27.10
7) Differentiate between the various biosafety levels and when they are most appropriately used. Chapter Section: 27.1
8) What is the basis for inferring infection of a pathogen when a serological EIA is performed? In this context, what does a positive result indicate? Chapter Section: 27.9
9) Discuss antimicrobial susceptibility testing and the use of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. Chapter Section: 27.5
10) Explain the principle difference between direct agglutination and passive agglutination. Chapter Section: 27.7
11) When a fecal sample is collected from an ill patient, how are each of the following identified: bacterial cell, eukaryotic protist, and virus?
Answer:
4) series of procedures to detect urinary tract infection
a) Over the counter urine dipstick tests
b) urine routine examination for pus cells, rbc, crystals, cast, sugar, albumin etc
c) urine culture and sensitivity- to know microbial growth and its sensitivity to antibiotics
d) cystoscopy- to direct detection of cystitis or colony formation
e) Ultrasound scan
f) CT or MRI
5) mechanisms of transfer of health care associated infections
4 common mechanisms are depicted
a) contact
This can be direct or indirect
Direct is by direct touch etc
Indirect by touching something patient touches
b) respiratory droplets
Eg:Corona virus spread this way too. So its asked to maintain one metre distance.
c) air borne
Influenza virus spread this way. The spread of this mechanism causes high rate of spread
d) common vehicle
From a common source as contaminated food, water, medications etc
To add vector borne infections also account for a small percentage in developing countries.
6) how recent advances in molecular biology of nucleic acids revolutionized methods used to identification of infectious disease agents than biochemical tests.
By using latest technologies to detect infectious agents, the tests became much more sensitive and specific for the organism than biochemical tests.
Also many are card tests, even HIV. Especially screening tests. Which made process faster, simple, reliable and more patient compliance.
False positives and false negatives came down.
Gene expert study to identify mycobacterium tuberculi detection highly specific.
7) biosafety levels
A set of biocontainment precautions.
BS level I - doesn't cause human disease
No containment
Eg:- Ecoli
BS level II
Containment
Moderate risk
Eg:- HIV, influenza
BS level III
High containment
Serious/ potentially lethal
Eg: tuberculosis
BS level IV
Maximum containment
Exotic high risk agents
Eg: Ebola virus
The various BioSafety levels are most appropriately used in an enclosed laboratory facility.
8)
When an infection occurs antibodies will be formed against different antigens of pathogen.
The antibodies formed will be IgM, IgG etc.
So detection of these antibodies in enzyme immuno assay will help, to predict infection with the pathogen earlier or now. Vaccination can also give positive results in some cases.
9) antimicrobial susceptibility testing and MIC
Antimicrobial susceptibility is response of bacterial colony to an antibiotic.
That is microbes get inhibited or destroyed by antibiotic.
Minimum Inhibitory concentration is minimum concentration of antibiotic required to inhibit growth of bacteria.
This indicate strength of particular antibiotic against a particular organism and we can compare with others
10)
In direct agglutination antigen presenting cell is used as RBC, bacteria etc.
In indirect agglutination inert carrier particle attached with antigen is used.
11)
Eukaryotic protist is usually identified under microscopic examination.
Stool culture detects bacteria.
Virus by viral nucleic acid sequence detection
Eg rota virus
Earlier electron microscopy was used.
4) Propose a series of procedures to determine whether a patient has a urinary tract infection....
Can you propose a series of procedures to determine whether a patient has a urinary tract infection.
1. A female patient has developed her third urinary tract infection (UTI) in the past 4 months. Which common organisms cause UTIs? What assessments should be made? Discuss appropriate nursing actions during the treatment of the current UTI and measures to be instituted to prevent another episode. 2. Identify premedication assessments and actions associated with antimicrobial agents used to treat disorders of the urinary system and drugs used in the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome. 3. A patient undergoing fluoroquinolone...