Question

Bacteriology

-Explain conditions on early earth that facilitated evolution of eukaryotes.

-How is a sequence-based evolutionary analysis of microbes performed?

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-what are transgenic organisms and why is it relevant?

-What is PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction and what is its importance?

-Describe the process of molecular cloning using plasmids.

-What is a palindrome and how is it used by restriction endonucleases?

Answer 1

-In early earth there are lot of changes are seen when we compare with today atmosphere.on past ,oxygen content is very low.By getting increased level of oxygen ozone layer is formed.UV rays are distributed in earth there after the formations.this is the cause of life to form by adapting the atmospheric changes and species are evolved.

-Sequence based evolutionary analysis of microbes.

1)comparison of geneomes that are selected

2)identification of pairwise ortgolog clusters(similar regions)

3)find the intersection parts within genome ,retain the panortholog sequences

4)addition of genenomes

5)align the sequences usings tools

6)generate sequence files for analysis I

-A transgenic organism is that organism that contains genes that are came from another organism.

-PCR is polymerase chain reaction is used for making target pieces of DNA to generate their replicated copies.it is used for analysing particular segments,identify the intrested gene for diseases .

-process of molecular cloning

*open the plasmid and insert the gene of interest.

*insert that plasmid in bacteria.

*allow plasmid to grow till protein are makes.

*the proteins are collected and purify them.

-palindrome sequence are the sequence formed by complementary strand.

example

SEQUENCE - ATGC

PALINDROME- TACG

restriction endonuclues in palindrome are used to cut the interested part of gene in palindrome sequence.it helps to restrict the cell mutation.