Question

16. You can buy mycorrhizal fungus to add to soil wher zal fungus to add to soil when you plant trees and other plants. Why would you want to do this? A. Mycorrhizal fungi prey on nematodes in the soil. B. Mycorrhizal fungi produce carbohydrates needed by pray C. Mycorrhizal fungi live in plant leaves and produce * Mycorrhizal fungi produce cathatodes in the soil D. herbivores live in plant leavestates needed by play D. Mycorrhizal fungi prevent transposons from accum E. Mycorrhizal fungi assist plants in the absorption of est piant leaves and produce toxins that discourage P. 17. This graph explains: osons from accumulating in plant cells. the absorption of essential nutrients such as N and Endophyte not present; pathogen present (E-P) Both endophyte and pathogen present (E+P+) Leaf mortality (%) Leaf area damaged (%) E-P+ E+P+ E-P+ E+P+ A. Increase in phosphorous uptake by mycorrhizae in plants exposed to stressful conditions B. Interaction between plants and pathogens which make plants susceptible to being attacked by endophytic fungi C. Interaction between pathogens and mycorrhizal fungi which increase water uptake D. Symbiotic interaction between plants and endophytic fungi in which endophytes confers protection against pathogens E. Mutualistic associations of fungi and plant roots known as mycorrhizae decreasing mortality and leaf damage 18. In the United States and Canada, bats use one of two strategies to survive winter: they either migrate south or hibernate. Recently, those that hibernate seem to have come under attack by a fungus, Geomyces destructans (Gd). Many infected bats have a delicate, white filamentous mat on their muzzles, which is referred to as white nose syndrome (WNS). The fungus invades the bat tissues causes discomfort and awakens the bat from its hibernation. The bat fidgets and wastes calories, using up its stored fat. The bat then behaves abnormally, leaving its cave during daytime in winter to search for food. Their food, primarily insects, is scarce during the winter, and the bats ultimately starve to death. Since 2007, it is estimated that up to one million bats have perished from WNS. The G. destructans white filamentous mat on the muzzle of the bats should be expected to consist of A. yeasts D. haustoria B. basidia E. protists C. hyphae

Answer 1

16. Option E is correct
Explanation:
Mycorrhizal fungi exhibit a symbiotic association with the roots of higher plants.
They help in nutrient and water absorption by plant roots.

17. Option D is correct
Explanation:
From the given graphs, it is clear that the symbiotic endophytes reduce both leaf mortality and leaf area damage in the presence of a pathogen.
i.e. the leaf mortality and damage area are more in the absence of the endophyte.

18. Option C is correct
Explanation:
The fungal filaments = Hyphae
The mesh-like network of fungal hyphae = Mycelium

Yeasts are unicellular fungi i.e. they do not generally form hyphae or mycelium.