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23. What were the genotypes of Victoria, Alice, Alexandra, and Alexis based on analysis of the pedigree in the figure below?
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Ans) hemophilia is an X linked recessive disorder. So for hemophilia to be expressed in females both the X chromosome should carry gene for hemophilia while only one X chromosome needs to carry the hemophilia gene as Y chromosome does not carry the gene for hemophilia.  

In females if only one X chromosome carries gene for hemophilia, its a carrier for chemophilia.

So in generation 1 Queen Victoria is a carrier. (Xh X) with one Xchr carrying gene for hemophilia and king Albert is unaffected and since their offspring is female ( Alice) only one X chromosome is affected which is inherited from Queen Victoria, the other X chromosome inherited from King Albert is unaffected ( XY). So Alice is again a carrier.

I'm generation 2 again Alice who is a carrier with only one X chromosome carrying hemophilia gene and unaffected male King Louis produce a female offspring alexandria who again inherits a normal X chromosome from Louis and hemophilia X chromosome from mother Alice and is a carrier.

In generation three similar genotypes are seen but this time the offspring is a male and the hemophilia gene carrying X chromosome from mother is inherited, while Y chromosome is inherited from Father, since in males the genotype is XY, prslesencw of affected X chromosome is enough to be hemophilia, alexis is an affected male and hemophilic.

Attaching image with pedigree below.

If this helps give it a positive rating. Thank you.

Oxy Canet) victoria) CAlie) xnx x (Louis) (Alexandria) Xhx | xy (czar Nicholas !!) Xhy (Alexis ) X X - female carrier xy - m

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