Question

Chapter 22: Nutrition and Digestion 6. This structure closes off the trachea during the swallowing of a ball of food. A) Esophagus B) Epiglottis C) Esophageal sphincter D) Larynx 7. Briefly explain why the term heartburn is inaccurate, 8. Digestion occurs in which region of the small intestine? A) Jejunum B) Duodenum C) Ileum D) Gall bladder 9. The small intestine primarily absorbs , while the large intestine primarily absorbs 10. Briefly explain how the bacteria that make up a person's microbiome exemplify two organisms benefitting from each other. Chapter Content: Human Nutritional Requirements Complete the following questions as you read the twenty-second chapter content-Human Nutritional Requirements: 1. is the form of energy that your cells require to perform their functions. This form of energy is made in the in a process known as 2. Briefly explain the relationship between a calorie and a kilocalorie.

Answer 1

Ans.

6 B epiglottis.

Epiglotiis is a laryngeal elastic cartilage which is Leah shaped. When food is swallowed ,the larynx moves in an upward direction this causes the epiglottis to fall over and cover the outlet of larynx which is called glottis , this prevents the food from entering trachea.

7. The term heartburn is a misnomer . Hecause the burning sensation or pain arises in the digestive tract , specifically in the esophagus and has no association with heart. The burning sensatiom occyrs because of the regurgitation of the food aling with the stomach acid into esophagus .

8. B duodenum.

Small intestine is the aite of 90% figestion amd absorption of food . It has three parts , tthe stomach leads upto duodenum which is the first part where most of the chemical digestion of the food occurs . It contains is nzymes for digestion. Jejunum is the second part which contains numerous microvilli w increasing the surface area for abosrption and creates wave like movements to propulse the food into the third part that is the ileum. The ileum is the terminal oart where most if the nutrients are minerals are absorbed .

9 the small intestine primarily absorbs nutrients ( vitamins , minerals , carbs ,fats etc) the karge instestine primarily absorbs water .

From the stomach the food enters the small intestine where it is absorbed due to large surface area and microvilli. The digested food from small intestine is passed onto large intestine where most of the water is absorbed which leaves behind waste products

10. In humans there are resident bacteria in the gut these are commensals and benefit by absorbing nutrients to survive while theses bacteria boost the hosts immunity by preventing colonisation of pathogens by competing with nutrients . an eg of a symbiotic relatuonship in gut is between Desulfovibrio piger bacteria which is a sulfate reducing bacteria which cannot survive or colonise thw gut without the primary fermenter species of bacteria ,bacterioides which provides sulfate as it poseeses the enzyme sulfatase.

1 glucose is the form of energy that ur cells require to perform its functions. This form of energy is made in the liver in a process known as gluconeogenesis.

Glucose is the primary substrate for energy in humans and animals , glycogen is the storage form of glucose. The body utilises fats only when its exhausted with no glucose . Glucose is formed in the liver by a process called gluconeogenesis . The cells in yhw body utilise glucise by breaking it down by glycolysis.

2 the definition of one kilocalorie is that it is the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degrees celsius. calorie is the term used in relation to food rather than kilocalorie . So 1 kiocalorie = 1000 calorie .

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