Question

difinitions of each word

Viral species: Growing bacteriophages in the laboratory: Plaques: Growing animal viruses in the laboratory: In living animals: In embryonated eggs: In cell cultures: Cytopathic effects: Primary cell lines: Diploid cell lines: Continuous cell lines: Hela cells: Multiplication of bacteriophages: The lytic cycle (T-Even Bacteriophages): Attachment: Penetration (lysozyme): Biosynthesis: Maturation: Release: The lysogenic cycle (Bacteriophage Lambda):

difîitions of each word

Answer 1

Ans. Bacteriophage - group of viruses infecting bacteria.

Plaques -  localized abnormal patch on a body part or surface.

Cell culture - The growth of microorganisms such as bacteria and yeast, or human, plant, or animal cells in the laboratory.

Cytopathic effect or cytopathogenic effect refers to structural changes in host cells that are caused by viral invasion. The infecting virus causes lysis of the host cell or when the cell dies without lysis due to an inability to reproduce.

Primary cell line - the developmental history of a tissue or organ from the fertilized embryo.[1] Cell lineage is based on the tracking of an organisms cellular ancestry due to the cell divisions and relocation as time progresses.

Diploid cell line - contain the full complement of genetic material, often retain many characteristics of the cell types from which they were derived, and normally cease to replicate in cell culture conditions after a limited number of generations.

Continuous cell line - comprised of a single cell type that can be serially propagated in culture either for a limited number of cell divisions or indefinitely.

Hela cells - is an oldest, immortal human cell line used in scientific research. The line was derived from cervical cancer cells taken on February 8, 1951from Henrietta Lacks, a patient who died of cancer on October 4, 1951. The cell line was found to be remarkably durable and prolific, which gives rise to its extensive use in scientific research.

Lytic cycle of bacteriophage - process of lysis, which occurs when a virus has infected a cell, replicated new virus particles, and bursts through the cell membrane. ... After the virus injects its DNA or RNA into the host bacteria, the genetic material can enter lytic cycle or lysogenic cycle.

LTic cycle has 4 steps

I. Penetration - by lysosomal activity. Lysozyme digest the cell membrane for viral attachment.

ii. Biosynthesis - integration of viral nucleic acid into host genome to synthesis viral coat proteins.

Iii. Maturation - synthesis of viral body parts and their assembly in host cell.

Iv. Release - viral particles lyse the cell and come out.

Lysogenic cycle - referred to as temperate or non-virulent infection, does not kill the host cell, instead using it as a refuge where it exists in a dormant state. Following the injection of the phage DNA into the host cell, it integrates itself into the host genome.

Prophage - bacteriophage genome inserted and integrated into the circular bacterial DNA chromosome or exists as an extrachromosomal plasmid. This is a latent form of a phage, in which the viral genes are present in the bacterium without causing disruption of the bacterial cell.

Phage conversion - a change in one or more phenotypic characteristics of a host bacterium as a result of infection by a BACTERIOPHAGE, normally a TEMPERATE PHAGE.

Specialized transduction -  a restricted set of bacterial genes is transferred to another bacterium. The genes that get transferred (donor genes) depend on where the phage genome is located on the chromosome.