32) The correct option is B, the birth rate is more than the death rate of a parasite.
33) correct option is B
Gamma diversity - total species diversity on landscape or we can say that total species diversity in the database. Alpha diversity- number of species per unit area or mean species diversity per subunit. while beta diversity quantifies the number of subunit will be there if total species diversity of database (i.e gamma diversity) and mean species diversity per unit area(i.e alpha diversity) remain the same, but subunit share no species. hence beta diversity estimates represent species turnover.
32. If population densities of a parasite increase through time due to an increase in susceptible...