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“A public good will always be under-provided in a free market.” Is this claim true, false...

“A public good will always be under-provided in a free market.” Is this claim true, false or ambiguous? Justify your answer (please write as much as you can)

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Answer- Market always fails to work efficiently in case of public goods due to some distinct characteristics of public good like non-rivalry and non-excludability. Non-rivalry of public good implies that when a good is consumed by one individual, it doesn’t reduce the amount available for others. It is freely available for all. E.g. benefiting from a road doesn’t reduce the road available for others. Another characteristics is non-excludability which means it is not possible to provide a public good without excluding others or wihtout it being possible for others to enjoy. For example, if you provide a street light, you protect everyone in the area from theifs and give light, (whether they contributed the expenditure or not). Since, government cannot exclude some portion of the society from enjoying a public good, efficiency cannot be reached. It also creates the problem of free rider. Free rider means, it is not possible to prevent anyone from enjoying a good, once it has been provided, whether they make payment for it or not. Therefore, there is no incentive among people to pay for the good because they can consume it anyway without paying for it. Ultimately, this will lead to either no good being provided or under-provided. Public goods creates social inefficiency.

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