Question

please answer just like the picture

Exercise 4.1 For each of the following arguments, determine whether it is valid or invalid and indicate the argument pattern. *1. If the Pilgrims built that wall, there would be archeological evidence of that. But there is no such evidence. So the Pilgrims did not build that wall. 2. If the butler didn't kill the master, then the maid did. The butler didn't kill him. So the maid killed him. 3. Either John drove home or he stayed late. He didn't drive home. Therefore, he stayed late. 4. If the South Africans have nuclear weapons, the South African jungle will be radioactive. The South African jungle is radioactive. Therefore, the South Africans have nuclear weapons. 5. If the South Africans have nuclear weapons, the South African jungle will be radioactive. The South Africans do not have nuclear weapons. Therefore, the South African jungle is not radioactive.

Answer 1

1. This is a valid argument. The pattern is modus tollens.

2. This is a valid argument. The pattern is modus ponens.

3. This is a valid argument. The pattern is disjunctive syllogism.

4. This is an invalid argument. The pattern is affirming the consequent.

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