6.
Let be a covering map.
(a)
If is a path in starting at , then define to be corresponding lifting to a path in beginning at .
Claim: If is path homotopic to in , then is path homotopic to in and hence
Define a map by .
This map is well defined since if is path homotopic to , i.e. , then is path homotopic to and hence .
Since is simply connected, we have is path connected.
(b)
Theorem 10.1.15 (Chain rule). Let X, Y be subsets of R, let xo e X be a limit point of X, and let yo e Y be a limit point of Y. Let f : X+Y be a function such that f(xo) = yo, and such that f is differentiable at Xo. Suppose that g:Y + R is a function which is differentiable at yo. Then the function gof:X + R is differentiable at xo, and .. (gºf)'(xo) = g'(yo)...
Thee part question. Please answer all parts! Let E be a field of characteristic p > 0 (we proved p must always be prime). Verify that the ring homomorphism X : Z → E determined by sending χ : 1-1 E (the unity in E) ( so x(n)-n 1E wheren1E 1E 1E (n-times), x(-n)- nle for any n 1,2,3,... and X(0) 0E by definition of χ) is in fact a ring homomorphism with ker(X) = pZ. Úse the fundamental homomorphism...
This is for Stochastic Processes Let Xo, Xi,... be a Markov chain whose state space is Z (the integers). Recall the Markov property: P(X, _ in l Xo-to, X1-21, , Xn l-an l)-P(Xn-in l x, i-İn 1), Vn, Vil. Does the following always hold: (lProve if "yes", provide a counterexample if "no") Let Xo, Xi,... be a Markov chain whose state space is Z (the integers). Recall the Markov property: P(X, _ in l Xo-to, X1-21, , Xn l-an l)-P(Xn-in...
Let X0,X1,... be a Markov chain whose state space is Z (the integers). Recall the Markov property: P(Xn = in | X0 = i0,X1 = i1,...,Xn−1 = in−1) = P(Xn = in | Xn−1 = in−1), ∀n, ∀it. Does the following always hold: P(Xn ≥0|X0 ≥0,X1 ≥0,...,Xn−1 ≥0)=P(Xn ≥0|Xn−1 ≥0) ? (Prove if “yes”, provide a counterexample if “no”) Let Xo,Xi, be a Markov chain whose state space is Z (the integers). Recall the Markov property: P(X,-'n l Xo-io, Xi...
Let (X, d) be a metric space, f,g:X R some functions and xo e X,q E R. Assume that f(x) = g(x) whenever x € Bd (x.). PART I. Prove that if f(x) →q as x → Xo, then g(x) = q as x → Xo. PART II. Can we also conclude that if f(x) = q as x → 00, then g(x) →q as x → 00?
Number Theory 13 and 14 please! 13)) Let n E N, and let ā, x, y E Zn. Prove that if ā + x = ā + y, then x-y. 14. In this exercise, you will prove that the additive inverse of any element of Z, is unique. (In fact, this is true not only in Z, but in any ring, as we prove in the Appendix on the Student Companion Website.) Let n E N, and let aE Z...
(8) Given a C1-function f : Rn->M, let M (x, z) E R#x R | z- f(x)) be the graph of f. Let TpM denote the tangent space to M at a point p = (xo, 20) E M. Find TİM and compute its dimension. Hint: draw a picture.
(6 marks) Consider a filtered probability space (2,F,P, Ftte.). a. (2 marks) Let the stochastic process (Xo.7] have independent increments and sat- b. (2 marks) Let eo.] be a stochastic process with Ep[X] Xo for all t E [0,T]. Is c. (2 marks) Let (W be a Brownian motion. Given c 0, and define the stochastic isfies Ep[IXll < oo fort [0,T]. Is the stochastic process {Ztieo.r], where z, = xt-EP[Xt] is a martingale with respect to {Ft}120 ? Explain....
Let f : [a, b] → R and xo e (a,b). Assume that f is continuous on [a,b] \{x0} and lim x approaches too x0 f(x) = L (L is finite) exists. Show that f is Riemann integrable. 1. (20 pts) Let f : [a, b] R and to € (a,b). Assume that f is continuous on [a, b]\{ro} and limz-ro f (x) = L (L is finite) exists. Show that f is Riemann integrable. Hint: We split it into...