Question

Comment on the descriptive statistics (i.e., means, standard deviations) and internal consistency reliabilities in the table below adapted from Erdogan and Bauer (2009) and summarize the correlation results, taking into account the strength, direction, and statistical significance of the bivariate relationships. (6 points)

Predictors (independent variables): Perceived over-qualification; empowerment

Controls (independent variables): Age; tenure

Dependent variables: Job satisfaction

Table 1

Descriptive Statistics, Correlations, and Scale Reliabilities

		Alpha	Mean	SD	1	2	3	4
1	Age	-	21.90	2.47
2	Tenure	-	1.13	.97	.39**
3	Over-qualification	.72	4.35	1.35	.22**	-.02
4	Empowerment	.80	5.42	0.72	.07	.28**	.03
5	Job satisfaction	.81	5.80	0.86	-.11	.01	-.19*	.43**

Note: N=244. Age and tenure were measured in years.Perceptions of over-qualification, empowerment, and job satisfaction were measured on a 7-point Likert-type scale. *p < .05. **p < .01.

Answer 1

Comment on Descriptive Statistics :

1.Age: The average Age is around 22 years with plus or minus 3 years.The Age data is consistent with CV=11%.

2.Tenure: The average Tenure is around One year with plus or minus 1 year.The Tenure data is NOT consistent with CV=85%.

3.Over-qualification: The average Over-qualification rating is around 4 with plus or minus 1 on 7-point Likert scale.

This rating is not much consistent with CV=31%.

4.Empowerment: The average Empowerment rating is around 5 with plus or minus 1 on 7-point Likert scale.

This rating is consistent with CV=13%.

5.Job satisfaction: The average Job satisfaction rating is around 6 with plus or minus 1 on 7-point Likert scale.

This rating is consistent with CV=15%.

		Mean	SD	Coefficient of variation [SD/Mean*100]
1	Age	21.9	2.47	11.28%
2	Tenure	1.13	0.97	85.84%
3	Over-qualification	4.35	1.35	31.03%
4	Empowerment	5.42	0.72	13.28%
5	Job satisfaction	5.8	0.86	14.83%

Comment on internal consistency reliabilities:

Table-1: Cronbach’s Alpha for three ratings

		Alpha
3	Over-qualification	0.72
4	Empowerment	0.80
5	Job satisfaction	0.81

Table-2: Rule of thumb for interpreting alpha

Cronbach's alpha Internal consistency a20.9 Excellent 0.9 > 20.8 Good 0.8 > a 20.7 Acceptable 0.7>a 20.6 Questionable 0.6 > 20.5 Poor 0.5>a Unacceptable

Based on the above Table-1 and Table-2 :

Empowerment and Job satisfaction  data using Likert scale survey are GOOD reliable.

Over-qualification  data using Likert scale survey is Acceptable reliable.

Comment on Correlation  strength, direction, and statistical significance

		1	2	3	4
2	Tenure	0.39**
3	Over-qualification	0.22**	-0.02
4	Empowerment	0.07	0.28**	0.03
5	Job satisfaction	-0.11	0.01	-0.19*	0.43**

Job satisfaction:

Medium positive correlation with Empowerment . It is highly significant at 1% level of significance.

Low negative correlation with Over-qualification. It is significant at 5% level of significance.

Low negative correlation with Age . It is not significant.

No correlation with Tenure.

Empowerment Medium positive correlation with Tenure . It is highly significant at 1% level of significance. Negligible positive correlation with Age and Over-qualification. Over-qualification

Negligible negative correlation with Tenure.