Question

Activity 7 Initiating the Ciliospinal Reflex (341) What is the reaction of the left pupil? The leut PWPA increase The reaction of the right pupil? The ne Cheng On the basis observations, would you say that the sympathetic innervation of the your irises is closely ND Why or why not? Roth ris w visualty 6nm nevve Activity 9 Testing Reaction Time (342) O. Col m S 1. Relative reaction time of patellar reflex. time Just do the trial length 3 & 4 explained in step 2. You may try the examples described if you like. They are kinda fun but hard to get good data the formula described You may use the nuler scale shown on the Echo in the lab book rial 3 Trial 4 Ave Trial 5 Trial 1 M Trial 2

Answer 1

The ciliospinal reflex is also known as pupillary skin reflex it consists of dilationof the ipsilateral pupil in responce to pain which is appiled to the neck;face and upper trunk.if the right side of the neck is subjected to a painful stimulus the right pupil dilates means it will increase in size 1-2mm in basic line.This reflex is absent in horner's syndrome and lession involving the cervical sympathetic fibers.The enchanged ciliospinalreflex in a symptomatic patient with cluster headache is due to preganglionic sympathetic mechanism.                                                                                                                                                                                      What is the nerve that icontains the efferent neurons in ciliospinal reflexs?that is 111-oculomotor nerve. AND when the sympathetic and parasympatheticnervous system activated during this reflax?sympathetic because when u pinch or use a rubberband, the pain activatedour fight or flight and our pupil dialated.Reaction time is a measure of how quickly an organism can respond to a particular stimulus. Many researchers have confirmed that reaction to sound is faster than reaction to light, with mean auditory reaction times being 140-160 msec and visual reaction times being 180-200 msec an auditory stimulus only takes 8-10 msec to reach the brain but a visual stimulus takes 20-40msec.                                                                                Differences in reaction time between these types of stimuli persist whether the subject is asked to make a simple response or a complex response. Reaction time has been widely studied, as its practical implications may be of great importance to every day events, such as response time when driving a car. Many factors have been shown to affect reaction times, including age, gender, physical fitness, fatigue, distraction, alcohol, personality type, and whether the stimulus is auditory or visual.        

The model for information flow within an organism can be represented in this way:

Stimulus => Receptor => Integrator => Effector => Response                 

More specifically, in vertebrates, information flow can be represented in this way:                                        Stimulus => Sensory Neuron => Spinal CordSensory neurons. In simple reaction time experiments there is only one stimulus and one response. Catching a dropped stick, or hitting a button when a light changes are examples. Brain => Motor Neuron => Response. The patellar reflex is a clinical and classic example of the monosynaptic reflex arc. There is no interneuron in the pathway leading to contraction of the quadriceps muscle. Instead the bipolar sensory neuron synapses directly on a motor neuron in the spinal cord. Monosynaptic reflex A simple reflex that involves transmission of information from a sensory neuron to the appropriate motor neuron across a single synapse in the spinal cord. Why do we test for reflex ? Because hyporeflexia or absence of reflexes is caused by damage to the peripheral nerve tissue due to trauma, impingement or entrapment, and hyperreflexia is caused by damage to the motor nerve fibers in the brain. AND how this nervous system works with reflex arc means the sensory neuron directly connects to the motor neuron in the spinal cord. spinal cord referred to as the upper motor neuron A sensory neuron carries the message from the receptor to the central nervous system (the spinal cord and brain). A motor neuron carries the message from the central nervous system to the effector.