Question

What are “cis-regulatory elements,” “trans-regulatory factors,” “exons,” “introns,” “untranslated regions,” “proximal promoters,” “enhancers,” “repressors,” "activators,” “caps,” and “poly-A tails”? Which are protein coding sequence (or are actual proteins); which are not? Which make it into mature mRNA?

Answer 1

Cis-regulatory elements : CREs are regions in non-coding DNA that regulates the transcription of neighboring genes.

Trans-regulatory factors : TREs are genes that regulate the expression of distant genes or we can say that trans-regulatory elements are DNA sequences that encode transcription factors.

Exons : it is that part of a gene which will encode a part of the final mature RNA produced by that gene after introns have been removed by the process of RNA splicing.

Introns : introns are that part of a gene which are removed from the original gene via RNA splicing to make mature RNA.

Untranslated region : refers to either of two sections, one on each side of a coding sequence on a strand of mRNA. If it's present near 5', it's called 5'UTR and if it's present near 3', it is called 3'UTR.