Question

Describe how to use applications and communication protocols in the Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/ IP) suite to design IP addressing and subnetting solutions for variable length subnet masks in your small home network.

Answer 1

Describe how to use applications and communication protocols in the Transmission Control Protocol

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is used along with ... maintain a network conversation through which application programs can exchange data. TCP exists in the transport layer with other protocols such as UDP. ... for processing to provide me with relevant information as described in .

The entire Internet Protocol suite -- a set of rules and procedures -- is commonly referred to as TCP/IP, though others are included in the suite. The TCP/IP protocol suite functions as an abstraction layer between internet applications and the routing/switching fabric.

TCP/IP specifies how data is exchanged over the internet by providing end-to-end communications that identify how it should be broken into packets, addressed, transmitted, routed and received at the destination. TCP/IP requires little central management, and it is designed to make networks reliable, with the ability to recover automatically from the failure of any device on the network.

The two main protocols in the Internet Protocol suite serve specific functions. TCP defines how applications can create channels of communication across a network. It also manages how a message is assembled into smaller packets before they are then transmitted over the internet and reassembled in the right order at the destination address.

Internet Protocol (TCP/ IP) suite to design IP addressing and subnetting solutions for variable length subnet masks in your small home network

.Subnetting and subnet masking Subentting is the process of dividing a network into smaller subnetworks, each with its own subnetwork address.

The information in this document was created from the devices in a specific lab environment. All of the devices used in this document started with a cleared (default) configuration. If your network is live, make sure that you understand the potential impact of any command.

Additional Information

If definitions are helpful to you, use these vocabulary terms in order to get you started:

• Address - The unique number ID assigned to one host or interface in a network.

• Subnet - A portion of a network that shares a particular subnet address.

• Subnet mask - A 32-bit combination used to describe which portion of an address refers to the subnet and which part refers to the host.

• Interface - A network connection.

If you have already received your legitimate address(es) from the Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC), you are ready to begin. If you do not plan to connect to the Internet, Cisco strongly suggests that you use reserved address.

Understand IP Addresses

An IP address is an address used in order to uniquely identify a device on an IP network. The address is made up of 32 binary bits, which can be divisible into a network portion and host portion with the help of a subnet mask. The 32 binary bits are broken into four octets (1 octet = 8 bits). Each octet is converted to decimal and separated by a period (dot). For this reason, an IP address is said to be expressed in dotted decimal format (for example, 172.16.81.100). The value in each octet ranges from 0 to 255 decimal, or 00000000 - 11111111 binary.

The solution is to use variable-length subnetting. When variable-length subnetting is employed, the router is supplied with two subnet masks. These masks are applied one after the other. In this situation, the administrator first creates four subnets using the mask 255.255.255.192. The original subnet mask is 255.255.255.0, written in binary as:
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 = 255.255.255.0

and the original network IP address was 192.168.3.0, written in binary as:
11000000.10101000.00000011.00000000 = 192.168.3.0

Now, by applying the new subnet mask of 255.255.255.192, written in binary as:
11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000

we have added two bits to the network identifier section (netid) of the original IP address. This allows the administrator to create up to four (22) subnetworks from the original network address. Each of these newly created subnets may hold up to 64 (26) hosts.

Once the new subnet mask is determined, the administrator uses the following to create the subnets required:

1. The first step is to apply the mask to the original 192.168.3.0 network address. This new mask creates four new subnetworks (subnets). The subnetwork identifiers (subnetid) available to the administrator are:
   192.168.3.0
   192.168.3.64
   192.168.3.128
   192.168.3.192
   Three of the new subnetworks will each contain 60 hosts. When these first three subnetworks are created, our original Class C network, 192.168.3.0, looks like the example in Figure A.
2. To create two more subnets, a second subnet mask of 255.255.255.224 is applied. This divides the remaining subnet into two separate subnets. With five bits remaining to be used as host identifiers (hostids), each of these new subnets may hold up to 32 (25) hosts.