Answer 1:
Mayaro virus disease is the mosquito-borne disease that is certain with some specific areas like tropical humid forests for example Amazon forest and in the northern half of South America like Brazil, Columbia, etc. Its causative agent belongs to the family Togaviridae and the genus called Alphavirus. This particular disease is often mistaken with dengue disease because of its related symptoms.
The related clinical signs and symptoms (as indicated in the problem) when diagnosed can be possible of Mayaro virus disease, this can be predicted from the recent travel history of the patient as well as due to the signs and symptoms that appears, for example in this particular disease, the clinical indications are:
· It takes nearly 3-5 days of incubation time to onset the diseased symptoms that start to occur in a patient like acute illness with fever.
· This is further accompanied by chills, headache, nausea, vomiting, pain in muscles (myalgia), pain in joints (arthralgia), etc.
· In some severe cases, patients may develop the joints pain that remains persistent for an entire year.
So, all these suggest a possible infection of the Mayaro virus disease.
Answer 2: The recommended tests would be:
· This particular disease can be confirmed by virus isolation practice (this confirms the type of virus).
· Laboratory tests such as RT-PCR (Reverse transcription PCR)- this is helpful for identifying the specific virus type.
· Serology like ELISA, – useful for detecting the antibodies (IgM), this is confirmed by conducting some tests on some intervals, etc.
· Although, the Mayaro laboratory testing is usually a differential practice. Firstly, the Chikungunya is detected, if this appears negative then Dengue and Zika can also be tested because of its much similar symptoms and unspecific symptoms to distinguish from other similar virus type diseases.
Answer 3: Samples that can be collected from Steve (patient):
Biological samples such as blood samples, tissues, serum, etc. can be potent and infectious. So, extra care and caution is taken while handling this sample. In fact, all the procedures related to this are grouped under class 2 biosafety cabinets.
· Serum sample: The molecular diagnostics techniques can be performed using this. Viral RNA can be detected after the arrival or onset of diseases at least occurred for 5 days. As this provides information regarding the viremic phase, for this RT-PCR can be performed. This is helpful for the confirmation of this disease.
· Fresh tissues: The cell cultures after collecting the tissue samples can be performed for a viral isolation process. Although, it’s a rarely used technique. However, with rising viremia count the disease can be confirmed.
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