Question

1. Write a short note on each of the following (nearly 150-200 words)

• Break-even analysis

• Linear programming Models

• Graphical analysis

• Sensitivity analysis

• Transportation, transshipment, and assignment Models

• Integer linear programming

• Network flow

• Project management

Answer 1

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Break-even Analysis:- A financial tool to help you identify at what stage your business or a new service or product will be profitable is a break-even analysis. That is, to calculate the amount of goods or services which a company should sell in order to cover its costs, it is a financial calculation. It is in particular fixed costs. Break-even is a situation in which you do not make or lose money, but all your costs are covered. In the study of the relationship between price, fixed cost and profits, break-even analysis is helpful. In addition, a low fixed cost business would be able to sell at a low break point. For example, even on the first sale of a product a company has a fixed cost of Rs.0 (zero). The study of break-even frequently addresses a product's contribution margin. The difference between the selling price and the overall cost of the product is called the contribution margin. The basic formula of break-even analysis is based on the division by unit of the overall fixed production costs (prices per unit less variable costs).

Linear Programming Models:- Technique of mathematical modeling which maximizes or minimizes a linear function when subjected to several constrains. It has helped to direct analytical decision-making in the areas of business management, manufacturing and, to a lesser extent, social and physical sciences. Each network flow model has a linear schedule model that defines the objective function and constraints. This model uses algebraic, linear terminology. The linear model of programming is an algebraic definition of the target to be reduced and the constraints to be met by the variables. The variables are the flows from x1 to x17 in each arc. The problem of network flow is to reduce total expenses while preserving the flow at every node. The variables also have to meet the simple top and bottom limits on the arc flow. Linear programming (LP) refers to a family of mathematical optimization methods that have succeeded in solving resource allocation problems, especially in industrial production systems. Linear programming is probably the most widely used technique for mathematical optimization, many computer programs are available to solve LP problems.

Graphical analysis:- The graphical analysis is the analysis method that graps the data tables input. Graphic analyzes are used for statistics, integrals, tangents and interpolation calculations. Graphic analysis can be carried out by creating Fast Fourier Transform graphs, histograms, data tables and FFTs. The curve can be automatically adjusted. The curves (or graphs) are also adjusted for the necessary parameters. In graphical analysis it is possible to compare different parameters and to easily understand the comparison of various parameters. Throughout electrical engineering, graphical analysis plays an important role. There are numerous applications in graphical analysis in electrical systems. Graphical analysis easily analyzes the characteristics of many electric systems parameters such as current, voltage, torque, electricity, speed and efficiency. The efficiency, the voltage regulation and the graphical analysis of the best machine are compared. With graphical analysis, the load and demand curves can be analyzed in transmission and distribution systems. The analytical output curves play a key role in the power system. In order to maintain the stability of complex systems, the analysis is helpful to anticipate future features.

Sensitivity analysis:- A sensitivity test determines how the various values of a separate variable under a certain set of assumptions affect the particular dependent variable. Sensitivity analysis, in other words, investigates how various sources of insecurity contribute to the overall uncertainty of the model in a mathematical model. In certain limits that depend on one or more input variables, this technique is used. In the business world and the economic world, sensitivity analyzes are used. It is commonly used by financial analysts and economists, and a what if analysis is also known. For any activity or system, sensitivity analysis can be used. A sensitivity analysis determined how a specific dependent variable was affected by the different values of an independent variable under a given set of assumptions. Sensitivity analysis can be used to help predict the share prices of publicly traded businesses or how interest rates affect bond prices. Sensitivity analysis allows for the interpretation of real, accurate results. Investors can also use sensitivity analyzes to determine their return effects.