1. Which of the following historical developments contributed to the current Human Microbiome project?
A. Advances in sequencing technology
B. Identification that 16S RNA gene sequences can distinguish bacterial species
C. Improvements in computational sciences
D. Development of PCR technologies
E. All of the above.
2. Your microbiome influences which of the following?
A. Your weight B. Your immune system C. Your cardiovascular system D. Your metabolism E. All of the above
3. The observation of dysbiosis in a disorder is strong evidence of disease causation A. True B. False
Immune cells originate in the ____________ by the process of ____________________.
Particles ingested by phagocytosis are degraded by enzymes in this cellular compartment:
1. A, Advances in sequencing technology.
Over the last two decades, advances in sequencing technologies and the development of metagenomic methods have open up new approaches to investigating microbes and their role in health and diseases. Before sequencing, scientist relied on microscopy and culturing which provided a very limited picture of the microbial world.
Sequencing has allowed scientist to catalog and quantify microbial strains and genes and also figure out whether certain microbes are pathogenic or not.
In terms of the latest in sequencing technology, researchers rely heavily on 16S rRNA sequencing, a popular method used foe identifying and comparing microbes.
2. E, All the above
The micrbiome are actually beneficial to our health and carry out specific and vital functions, such as helping to digest food, regulating the immune system and produce key metabolite.The micrbiome makes tons of metabolite and a good example is vit B12, which is a complicated molecule.
Autoimmune disorders and chronic disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic syndrome which is closely linked to obesity and increase the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular problems have been associated with microbial dysfunction or dysbiosis.
microbiome also influences weight. Recent studies shows that higher production of short chain fatty acids is associated with lower risk of obesity.
3. B, True
Dysbiosis isdefined as a microbial imbalance or maladaptation on or inside the body, such as an impaired microbiome. It is a term used to refer to a microbiome associated with a diseased state.
4.C, bone marrow,hematopoiesis
The immune cells are derived from the hemopoietic stem cells of bone marrow.
5. E, Phagolysosome
During phagocytosis, cells engulf large particles such as bacteria, cell debris or even intact cells and they fuse to form a large intracellular vescicle called phagosome. The phagosomes then fuse with lysosomes producing phagolysosomes in which ingested material is digested by the action of lysosomal acid hydrolases.
1. Which of the following historical developments contributed to the current Human Microbiome project? A. Advances...