Question

Which of the following represents a direct mechanism of microbiome-pathogen colonization resistance?

• The butyrate end product of fermentation limits the amount of available O₂ to aerobes by stimulating the β-oxidation of fatty acids

• Conversion of primary bile acids to secondary bile acids by gut microbiota limits pathogen growth

• Microbiome induction of C-type lectin in host cells kills Gram-positive organisms

• Bacteriocins released by Gram-positive bacteria target closely-related species

Answer 1