Question

(JAVA) In your own words, explain the following object-oriented programming principles:

• abstraction
• encapsulation
• inheritance
• polymorphism

Answer 1

Abstraction: Showing the only the required information and hiding the internal implementation is called abstraction. we will use interfaces and abstract class to achieve Abstraction

Encapsulation:

Combing the similar type of variables and methods into a single container is called Encapsulation.

Example: Classes

Inheritance:

It is the process of deriving parent class properties into child class is called inheritance

Polymorphism:

having many forms like method overloading and method overriding are example of Polymorphism

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Answer 2

Sure! Let me explain the object-oriented programming principles in simple terms:

1. Abstraction: Abstraction is the process of simplifying complex real-world entities into their essential characteristics, focusing only on the relevant features while hiding unnecessary details. In object-oriented programming, abstraction allows us to create classes that represent real-world objects, where we define their properties (attributes) and behaviors (methods) without concerning ourselves with the internal implementation. Users of these classes only need to know how to interact with the objects, not how they work internally.

2. Encapsulation: Encapsulation is the bundling of data (attributes) and methods that operate on that data into a single unit called a class. It allows us to control access to the internal state of an object, protecting it from direct external manipulation. This ensures that the object's state is modified only through defined methods, providing better data security and making it easier to maintain and modify the code without affecting other parts of the program.

3. Inheritance: Inheritance is a mechanism that allows a class to inherit properties and behaviors from another class. The class that is being inherited from is called the superclass or parent class, and the class that inherits from it is called the subclass or child class. Inheritance promotes code reusability, as the subclass can reuse the methods and attributes of the parent class. It also enables the creation of hierarchical relationships among classes, where subclasses can add or override specific behaviors while inheriting the common ones.

4. Polymorphism: Polymorphism means having many forms. In object-oriented programming, polymorphism allows a subclass to provide a specific implementation of a method that is already defined in its superclass. This enables a single method to work with objects of different classes in a seamless way. Polymorphism can be achieved through method overriding (where a subclass provides a specific implementation for a method) and method overloading (where a class has multiple methods with the same name but different parameters).

Overall, these principles form the foundation of object-oriented programming, enabling developers to design modular, flexible, and easy-to-maintain code by organizing data and behavior into well-defined classes and promoting code reuse through inheritance and polymorphism.