Question

What are the main differences between qualitative and quantitative studies?

What are the three types of pre-experimental studies? What is the most significant threat to this type of experimentation?

Answer 1

Dear student

Difference between Qualitative and Quantitative Research area given below

Qualitative research - Qualitative research is a type of social science research that collects and works with non-numerical data and that seeks to interpret meaning from these data that help us understand social life through the study of targeted populations or places

Quantitative research - Quantitative research, is defined as a the systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering quantifiable data and performing statistical, mathematical or computational techniques.

Features	Qualitative	Quantitative
Key concepts	Experience, meaning, understanding, and reflexivity	Prediction, probability, reliability, replication, operationalization.
Designs	Flexible, evolving, open, not prescriptive	Controlled, formal, predetermined
Sampling	Small, purposive selection, theoretical sampling.	Representative, large, control groups, random selection
Methods	Participant observation, semi and unstructured interview, focus groups, diaries, documents	Experiments, surveys, structured observation and interviewing
Data	Words, interview transcripts, natural conversations, documents, media tests	Numbers, measuring, counting, quantifiable coding.
Tools	Research diaries, audio-visual aids, software analytic packages.	Test scores, scales, psychometric measures.
Data analysis	Coding, clustering, abstraction, inductive.	Statistical, deductive.
Strengths	Detailed and in depth, participant led, meaningful, high ecological validity	Standardized procedures, fast research control, possibility, of large sample sizes.
Limitations	Complex data, time and expense.	Low ecological validity, participant constrained.

Pre- experimental designs

* Pre-experimental designs also known as non designs

* They incorporate least basic elements of experimental designs.

* Do not provide a control group or equivalent control group

* Can not control threats to internal validity because this design cant control the influence of extraneous variables.

* Mainly three types :

   A. one- shot- case study - treatment is given to one group and observation to assess its affect, it does not provide control group

   B. one-group pretest and posttest design - Effects of treatment is compared with pretest scores but no control group

   C. Static group comparison - wo groups will be taken and treatment is given to one group and another group does not. then both effect are compared.