Question

Please help me with these questions

1: Which statement correctly characterizes the relationship between the terms, “water” and “H₂O”?

a: They are identical and they refer to the same object.

b: They are identical and they do not refer to the same object.

c: They are not identical but refer to the same object.

2: Because connectionism criticizes functionalism by saying that it is the “hardware” (the brain) that determines the software (the behavior), not the other way around, the theory can be essentially said to revive the identity theory.

a: True    b: False

3: Which statement does NOT correctly characterize Ryle’s criticism of Cartesian dualism?

a: Ryle thinks that it is wholly mistaken, not just some of its details.

b: It is a category mistake to say that the mental and the physical are two different substances in the same way that a university is a distinct entity separate from the students, faculty, classrooms, etc.

c: There are no such things as mental processes but simply brain processes.

d: Mental events are just dispositions to behave in a certain way.

4: What is meant by the authors’ statement ‘Behaviorism inevitably bangs up against that ultimate mark of the mental, Descartes’ “I think”’?

a: Mental states like my feeling of pain are essentially different from any pain behaviors I might be prone to display.

b: Mental states can have potentially an infinite set of behavior outcomes, so that a scientific study of the mind becomes virtually impossible.

c: Behaviorism in the end is less persuasive than Cartesian dualism.

5: The fact that we can imagine the possibility of alien creatures that are not carbon-based life-forms, as evidenced by science fictions, goes to support:

a: Eliminative materialism

b: Functionalism

c: Connectionism

6: Which of the following descriptions is NOT an applicable problem to Descartes’ mind-body dualism?

a: Mysteriousness about the causal interaction of two essentially different substances

b: The necessity of using metaphors in describing the mind and its activities

c: The apparent impossibility of a direct awareness of the other mind and its contents

d: The self-refuting nature of denying the idea of a mind

7: The point of Searle’s Chinese Room argument is that:

a; Being programmed to produce the correct output and right behavior outcome based on certain input reception leaves out completely the mind’s essential quality, the understanding.

b: No matter how complex and sophisticated computer programs get, they will never be able to produce sensations of pain, thirst, sadness, joy, love, etc., the emotional qualities of the mind.

c: Language acquisition is such a complex and mysterious ability that it constitutes the essential demarcation between the mind and its simulation, such as computers; therefore, there is no way a computer can equal the mind.

8: What is the point of Churchland’s discussion of phlogiston?

a: Just as phlogiston was considered to be some mysterious spiritual substance and proved to be non-existent, the soul is likewise widely considered to be some mysterious substance over and above the brain processes and will prove to be non-existent.

b: Just as phlogiston falsely described the phenomena of metal rust, folk psychology falsely describes the phenomena of mental events.

c: Phlogiston worked as a scientific hypothesis in the earlier time, but is no longer a valid hypothesis, not because it is false, but no longer adequate. Likewise, folk psychology, though not strictly false, is not adequate for our current scientific view of the world.

d: Neither phlogiston nor folk psychology can be scientifically studied, thus they provide no incentive for scientific research.

Answer 1

1. The correct answer is Option C. They are not identical but refer to the same object.
2. The correct answer is Option B. This statement is False.
3. The correct answer is Option C. There are no such things as mental processes but simply brain processes.
4. The correct answer is Option B. Mental states can have potentially an infinite set of behavior outcomes, so that a scientific study of the mind becomes virtually impossible.

Please post the other questions separately. As per our answering guidelines we are supposed to answer just one question or four sub parts of the same question.