Question

Question 4. Answer both parts

1. A patient arrives at the emergency department of the local hospital with a fever, rash and muscle pains. A full medical examination is undertaken (including microbial examination of a blood sample from the patient). Doctors determine that the patient is suffering from a blood infection. On taking a full medical history, it was discovered that the patient has an underlying medical conditions that requires daily injections of medicine and hypothesise that contamination of this medicine may have led to the infection. Describe how you would carry out a microbial analysis to determine if this hypothesis is correct. Include in your answer- microbial sampling, growth, characterisation and identification. (15 marks)
   

      b. Describe the two methods by which ATP is created.

Answer 1

QUESTION 1

A blood infection is also known as sepsis.it can result from other infections. infection of bloodstream is most commonly caused by bacteria but also be caused by yeast or other fungi.

Microbial sampling

A sample is taken from an area of the person's body likely to contain the microorganism suspected of causing the infection.

Stained and examined under a microscope.

BLOOD CULTURES are procedures done to detect an infection in the blood and identify the cause

Two or more blood samples drawn from separate venipuncture sites, typically from different veins in your arms.

Antibody tests are usually done on a sample of the infected person's blood.

Antigen test for microorganisms.

They also can be done on samples of cerebrospinal fluid or other body fluids.

Other than blood urine sputum samples can also be collected.

Identification and characterization

bloodstream infections are potentially life-threatening a require rapid identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing of the causative pathogen in order to facilitate specific antimicrobial therapy.

a prototype DNA microarray for the identification and characterization of three important bacteremias causing species: Staphylococcus aureus,e.coli, pseudomonas aeugiosa..this DNA microarray demonstrates the feasibility of simultaneously identifying and characterizing bacteria in the blood culture without prior amplification of target DNA or pre identification of the pathogen.

QUESTION 2.

THE TWO METHODS IN WHICH ATP IS CREATED ARE:

• SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION:

The energy released during a reaction, such as the breakdown of sugar molecules, is used directly to synthesize ATP, a small amount of energy is generated through this process.

• ELECTRON TRANSFER (OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION)

The energy from the movement of electrons from one molecule to another, via electron carriers, is used to synthesize ATP. Most cellular ATP is synthesized by electron transfer in the mitochondria.