Question

The project requirements are the following:
• A Word or PDF report includes cover page, table of content, introduction, main body,
and summary/conclusion. The minimum are 5 pages.
• A PowerPoint presentation slides with 3 pages minimum.

The following are examples for the topic of the project.

• Prepare a report on the fluid systems through onshore or/and offshore pipeline. Discuss
the advantages and disadvantages of each system and compare their operating efficiency.
Give some guidelines. Identify the conditions under which each system may be the best
choice in your opinion.

Answer 1

INTRODUCTION

Non-renewable energy source, particularly oil, speaks to the motor of these days life. Oil organizations buckle down in request to separate it from subsurface hydrocarbon repositories. The activities at which oil is being separated from these repositories are alluded to as boring activities. Penetrating tasks are performed with the methods for boring apparatuses. Be that as it may, because of the intense interest for oil, boring for oilturns out to be additionally testing and oil organizations are continually searching for the best extraction techniques and are they advancing toward the mechanization of the boring task just as expanding the seaward activities by expanding the water profundity where the activities occurThis report is restricted to talking about the various kinds of oil well boring apparatuses and blueprints the contrasts between those that are utilized to bore at various areas either land or marine areas. It starts by a concise history of boring tasks and boring apparatuses. At that point, it plots near subtleties among coastal and seaward penetrating apparatuses. At long last, it exhibits the proposed improvements that are identified with boring apparatuses and boring apparatuses. The report will be of direct pertinence to the overall population particularly the individuals who are keen on the penetrating tasks.

BACKGROUND

Oil well penetrating apparatuses are mechanical structures that are utilized to make gaps in the ground all together

to achieve a foreordained hydrocarbon repository (for example a subsurface stockpiling where oil and additionally petroleum gas aggregate). They come in various sorts and structures. They are likewise ordered

in light of various criteria. To represent, boring apparatuses are grouped dependent on the area they drill

at, the most extreme burden they can deal with and a definitive profundity they reach (Macini, 2005, p. 305).

Boring for oil has started for a large number of years. This advancement has been went with the

use of various instruments and components. For instance, the main oil very much was penetrated in China

at around 1600 years prior. Its last profundity was around 250 meters (m) and it was penetrated utilizing bamboo posts with a bit at its end ("History of boring", n.d, para. 1). This very much was trailed by an

advancement in the quantity of wells and the instruments utilized. For example, before the finish of the

1800s, the development of the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) helped at presenting another penetrating instrument called Cable-Tool Drilling (CTD) ("History of boring", n.d, para. 2). In this system, an etch bit is put toward the finish of a link that sways here and there with the mean of

the ICE so as to make the arranged opening. Moreover, the principal current oil all around was bored in

mid nineteenth century by the architect Semyonov in the northeastern of Baku ("History of boring", n.d, para. 4). Be that as it may, the CTD strategy was not viable for some reasons and this prompted

the introduction of other mechanisms. For example, the limited depth of this method has led to
the evolution of rotary drilling (“History of drilling”, n.d, para. 6). The CTD operation also needs
to be paused in order to clean the cuttings (Bommer, 2008, p. 16). In addition, drilling operations
were not limited to the land but they have been extended to the marine locations. For instance,
in 1891, the first marine well was drilled in Grand fresh-water Lake in Ohio (“Offshore drilling,
2010, para. 4). Then the first well in a salty-water location was drilled about 120 years ago (“Offshore drilling”, 2010, para. 5).
II. ONSHORE AND OFFSHORE ROTARY DRILLING RIGS
As mentioned previously, one of the criteria by which drilling rigs are classified is the location
where they drill. Therefore,based on this, there are two locations where drilling rigs are used,
onshore and offshore.
A. Onshore drilling rigs
These rigs represent the first development in drilling operations. Land rigs come in different sizes and strengths. Land rigs are also classified based on two main criteria, maximum drilled
depth and mobility

B. Seaward penetrating apparatuses

The other kind of penetrating apparatuses is identified with those that are utilized to bore in the marine situations.

While land rigs are characterized by their versatility and the profundity they drill, seaward apparatuses

have distinctive arrangement. To represent, Bourgoyne et al (1986) express that the order of

marine apparatuses depends on their versatility and on how profound the ocean bed is (p. 3). Water state moreover

assumes a significant job in marine apparatus determination and plan (Bommer, 2008, p. 21). In this way,

in view of these, there are two distinct kinds of seaward boring apparatuses, Bottom-Supported Units

what's more, Floating Units

1. Base bolstered units

This alludes to the apparatuses that are on contact with the

ocean bottom when they are set in position. As

recorded in figure (4), these kinds of apparatuses come in two

various classifications, submersible and jack ups.

The submersible apparatuses are in contact with the

seabed (for example their bases lay on the ocean bottom) . As indicated by Bommer (2008), submersible apparatuses come

in four distinct sorts. The main sort, which isn't

utilized any longer in light of the new structures, is the

post flatboats

2. Drifting units

This sort of marine apparatuses alludes to those which are not legitimately in contact with the ocean floor

at the point when put in the penetrating site. It is appeared in figure (4) that there are two kinds of coasting seaward apparatuses, semi-submersible and drillingships. Semi-submersible apparatuses, figure (10), are those

which are somewhat submerged beneath the water

surface and are tied down to the seabed.

III.FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS RELATED TO DRILLING RIGS

Because of expanding the world's interest for oil, oil organizations dependably search for improving and

building up the extraction techniques particularly those identified with boring tasks. Karki

furthermore, Shukla (2013) contend that the expense and the hazard in oil industry are continually expanding due to

the higher interest for oil (p.1153). In this way, in the accompanying sub-segments, two advancement

angles identified with boring activities and penetrating apparatuses are sketched out.

A. Bringing apply autonomy and computerization into boring activities

As referenced above, dangers and expenses of oil related activities is expanding with the expansion of

oil utilization. Along these lines, one of the creating perspectives to beat this incorporates bringing mechanical autonomy and robotization into the penetrating tasks.

1. Precedents and preferences

Karki and Shukla (2015) express that the successful strategies to deal with the task difficulties incorporate the presentation of what they called "savvy boring apparatuses", keen examination and autooperation into the oil business (p. 2013). Besides, mechanical autonomy innovation is in advancement and are

going to be introduced and it will almost certainly perform numerous assignments. For instance, the Robotic Drilling

Framework (RDS) is chipping away at another apparatus conveying innovation that comprise of apply autonomy which will influence the penetrating tasks to don't require any human close-by

2. Detriments

In spite of the benefits of boring robotization and apply autonomy innovation, there are numerous disadvantages of their usage. To delineate, Dupre (2013) demonstrates that experts are not in

line with the presentation of mechanical technology in the activity as long as they require work force close-by

(para. 10). The disadvantageous part of the VR 500 (VDR) is the constrained profundity they can penetrate

(YouTube, 2009). Besides, robotizing penetrating activities and executing apply autonomy implies

less openings for work and higher number of jobless architects.

B. Going further into the sea

The utilization of the seaward penetrating apparatuses is because of the way that a lot of oil originates from the

marine area. To delineate, Bommer (2008) says that regarding 33% of the worldwide oil supply

originates from seaward stores (p. 23). In any case, in view of the extreme conditions and the far

area of marine activities, penetrating at such areas is profoundly testing ("Offshore boring",

2010, para. 18). For instance of the danger of these conditions is the BP's Maconland well

blast in 2010 which brought about the passing of 11 individuals, however the profundity of activity was

not so high, just 1.5 km profound, (Callus, 2012, para. 17). Thus, oil industry is attempting

to kill this test by presenting more grounded penetrating apparatuses and frameworks that will almost certainly

withstand harder condition. The British Petroleum (BP), for instance, is going to presented

what is called 20K which can bore at more profound condition with higher weights of around 20,000 pound for each square inches (psi) and higher temperatures (Callus, 2012, para. 29).This is an incredible

step on the grounds that the current seaward boring apparatuses work at weights going from 13,000 to

18,000 psi and the most profound seaward apparatus in 2010 was the Perdido stage at the Gulf of Mexico

which works at water profundity of 2.4 km (Callus, 2012, para. 28; "Seaward boring", 2010, para.

16). In addition, Callus (2012) says that there are some new innovation includes that are on their

approach to be connected in the seaward activities including supercomputers, new materials, sensors… and so on (para. 30).

Consummation

As has been appeared, at the difficulties in the boring activities, there are many proposed

strategies to decrease these difficulties. Computerizing penetrating tasks will be powerful technique to

beat the hazard and staggering expenses of boring tasks, however it will lessen the openings for work

for specialists. Moreover, albeit a lot of oil that originate from the marine stores,

these situations are very testing and require the presentation of new boring frameworks

to beat these difficulties. At last, I would suggest the oil business ought to apply

the apply autonomy frameworks to the penetrating activities despite the fact that the openings for work will be diminished.

On the off chance that this apply autonomy framework connected, it would comprehend numerous difficulties that speak to hindrances to the

hydrocarbon extraction activities.