Michelle and Brian Clifford were married for five years before
they decided to try to conceive a child. Five years
later they were still childless. They contacted Dr. Morgan, a
fertility expert, and underwent a series of tests to
determine what the problem was. It soon became clear that
Michelle's fallopian tubes* were blocked. The
blockage was due to severe scarring most likely a result of pelvic
inflammatory disease. Dr. Morgan did not
think that surgery would result in the successful opening of the
tubes and instead recommended that they undergo
assisted reproduction, specifically In Vitro Fertilization (IVF).
The couple checked with their health care provider
and were allowed coverage for four IVF procedures.
Michelle began to take a medication called Clomid that increases
the number of eggs produced at ovulation.
This is done so that a maximum number of eggs can be harvested each
month. After harvesting, the eggs were
introduced to Brian's sperm in a laboratory setting and the
resulting union of a sperm and egg created 15 viable
blastocysts. Four days later, four viable embryos were inserted
into Michelle's uterus. The remaining seven
viable embryos were placed in a special freezer that allows the
embryos to be maintained indefinitely. During
their time in the freezer, the embryos do not develop any further.
Unfortunately, none of the embryos inserted
into Michelle implanted into Michelle's uterine wall. The IVF
procedure was conducted three more times and
each time the procedure was unsuccessful.
At this point, Clifford's insurance company was unwilling to fund
further assisted reproduction therapies. As a
consequence of the four IVF procedures, a total of 20 embryos
remained in the special freezer. The couple
decided not to discard the embryos at this point hoping that they
might try assisted reproduction at a later
date.
During the two years following the last IVF procedure, Michelle and
Brian's marriage began to fall apart. They
tried counseling but it only made matters worse. In the end, the
couple filed for divorce. During the divorce
proceedings, Brian requested that the couple's embryos be removed
from the freezer and donated to Advanced
Cell Technology Inc., a private research laboratory that was
conducting research on embryonic stem cells for
therapeutic purposes. Michelle, who was by now 40 years old, did
not like this option and requested that the
embryos be maintained in the freezer indefinitely as she was hoping
to raise funds so that she may undergo
further IVF treatments in the hopes that she might become
pregnant.
What should be done with Michelle and Brian's frozen embryos?
*Fallopian tubes/oviducts are two very narrow tubes that extend out
of the uterus at the top left and right sides
and open up around each ovary. Eggs released from the ovaries
travel through the fallopian tubes towards the
uterus. Fertilization of the egg by a sperm typically occurs in the
fallopian tubes.
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