Question

LAFEXERCİSE Biological Classification, Primate Features Date Of the array of varied creatures within the kingdom Animalia, some fy, some crawl, some leap, and some swim. This exercise asks you to place a number of them into taxonomic groups and decide which groups are related most closely to which other groups. Work with a lab partners) on this exencise Dog sull for other nonprimate skul Skull of monkcy or ape Start with a small sample to work with first, consisting of fish, horse, frog. dolphin, butterfly, pigeon, dog, bat, and snabe. You may neher to Figure 9.1er hee spcins for the ilustrations of various animals in kingdom Animalia 1 What separation would you make first? Which has an ancestry that is the most distant from the others? 2 Once that creature is separated from the others, all eight nemaining species stand together in a group. What is an mportant feature common to all of these? 3 Of the eight remaining animals, figure out which ones are mammals. Which of the following characteristics would help you decide? Explain. mammary glands pposable thumbs fur vertebral column 4 Would you say the following represent examples of a homology or an analogy? For each, explain why you answered way you did Bird humerus and bat humerus a b Vertebral column of a fish and vertebral column of a cat Butterfly wing and bird wing. c 253 Chapter 9 Biological Classification and the Order Primates 5 In examining a number of mammal skeletons-for example, bear, lion, opossum, wolf, raccoon, pig, and elephant, in addition to several primate species-what characteristics would you use to decide whether a skeleton is a primate? Circle the characteristics in the following list that you would use to make your determination fur forward-facing eyes relatively large brain opposable thumbs mammary glands relatively small olfactory bulbs 6 For the characteristics you did not cicle, why didn't you think they would be usefull to diferentiate primates from 7 Fill out this table using skulls in your lab's collection (or substitute Fig. 9.3). Dog Does it have a postorbital bar? s cranium size (brain size) larger or smaller compared to size of face? Greater or less emphasis on olfaction, based on snout length? Do orbits face directly forward or somewhat laterally? 8 An important primate feature is forward-facing eyes, which allows for depth perception Close one eye, and then close the other eye before answering the following questions. a Draw a person's head from the top/superior view( could be just a simple circlel and fill in the location of the eyes. b Based on your range of vision after closing each eye, in your sketch draw lines from the eyes that show the ap- proximate fields of vision for each eye (you will have two lines going out from each eyel. c Shade in the area of overlap between the fields of vision. This is how depth perception is accomplished-from overlapping visual fields 254 Exploring Physical Anthropology

Answer 1

Answer 1. Fishes
Since fishes are aquatic animals while rest are terrestrial animals.

Answer 2: Rest eight animals are land animals and are found in terrestrial habitats

Answer 3. Mammary glands are the features of mammals only. No other group of the kingdom animalia has mammary glands.

Answer 4.

a. Birds humerus and bat humerus

Bats are mammals and birds are aves but both of them have common humerus which are involved in different sets of functions. So, they are homologous structures that perform different functions and have different appearance but share common basic structural plan and origin

b. Vertebral column of fishes and cats.

Homologous structures since fishes are aquatic animals while cats are land animals. Vertebral column of fishes help them in swimming while that of cats help them to support the limbs during walking.

c. Wings of butterfly and birds.

Wings of butterfly and birds perform same functions but have different basic structural plans. So,they are analogous organs that perform similar function and have similar appearance but have different basic structure and origin.