Given the current body of research, are carnitine supplements effective for improving endurance performance?
Ans) Yes. There is scientific consensus that endurance performance is improved.
Explaination:
- L-carnitine also helps improve endurance by inhibiting the build-up of lactic acid, one of the primary causes of fatigue. L-carnitine has also been shown to reduce the accumulation of metabolic wastes during exercise. This helps increase workload output during exercise and enhancing recovery post-exercise.
- It is clear that carnitine has an important metabolic role in the exercising muscle. However, the specific functions of carnitine and acylcarnitine and the effect of supplementation remain to be elucidated. The design of future investigations should carefully address the following issues:
1) Assay methodology—The radioenzymatic assay is appropriate for
total carnitine measurements, but it should be used with caution to
measure fractions of acylcarnitines. Bench-top gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry methodologies should be further
developed to measure specific acylcarnitines in a large number of
samples. Caution should be used in the use of a carnitine
concentration value as an indicator of the carnitine status in
another cell type. Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells,
urine, and muscle should all be evaluated in each
investigation.
2) Chemical form of supplementation—Published investigations
concerning exercise have all used free carnitine as the chemical
form that is used in supplementation. Acetylcarnitine and
propionylcarnitine should be evaluated for their use in
supplementation.
3) Timing of supplementation—The time relationship of the dose of
carnitine supplementation to the time of exercise has varied from
investigation to investigation and may be the cause of some of the
variability of the results. The time relationship of dose and
exercise needs to be carefully evaluated.
4) Dose of supplementation—In studies with carnitine
supplementation, higher doses than are found in most diets have
been used. The optimal dose has not be defined.
5) Physical training of subjects—Physical training alters muscle
metabolism, including the metabolism of carnitine. All
investigations should use subjects who have the same level of
training as the individuals for whom the data will be
utilized.
6) Intensity of exercise—The intensity of exercise alters muscle
metabolism, including the metabolism of carnitine. All
investigations should use the intensity of exercise for which the
data will be utilized.
7) Animal studies—Some experimental questions require techniques
that are too invasive to be performed in humans and thus require
animals. Although rodents have been used for most experiments in
the past, they are not the best animal model because their muscle
metabolism is significantly different from that of humans. Swine
would be a better choice.
8) Practical requirements—Carnitine is sufficiently stable to
withstand long-term storage. It does have a bitter aftertaste, but
it can be masked with citrus flavor. Carnitine has been found to be
safe under most circumstances. However, more is not necessarily
better, and investigations of patients with different
pathophysiologies have indicated that better results can sometimes
be obtained with lower doses.
Given the current body of research, are carnitine supplements effective for improving endurance performance?
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