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pathophysiology

What physiologic and pathophysiologic disorders predispose to the formation of renal calculi of differing compositions? How a
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☆ The composition of most of the renal stones are calcium oxalate. It occurs due hypercalcemia or hypercalciuria or impaired renal absorption of calcium. Other causes are hyperuricosuria and hyperoxaluria. Renal stones also occur due to some unknown reasons.

☆The glomerulonephritis classified as acute, crescentic and chronic . Acute glomerulonephritis is characterized with rapid onset and hematuria, proteinuria,oliguria and hypertension. It also associated with infection.

Crescentic glomerulonephritis is with acute onset followed with hematuria, proteinuria and decreased renal function. The main feature is crescent shaped lesions in the epithelial cells,macrophages and fibrins in the Bowman's capsule.

Chronic glomerulonephritis is characterized with proteinuria with or without hematuria and slow decrease in  renal function. Chronic glomerulonephritis ultimately causes chronic kidney disease.

☆ *Elimination of protein ( > 3-3.5gm) through urine

*Edema

*Elevated serum lipid levels

* Hypoalbuminemia

* Thrombus formation

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