Question

A EE A E + 33 4+ A AaBbCcDdEt AaBbCcDdEt AaBbCcDc AaBb Normal No Spacing Heading 1 - Hear Clinical Applications 1. Three days before a nurse developed meningococcemia, she assisted with intubation of a patient with a Neisseria meningitidis infection. Of the 24 medical personnel involved, only this nurse became ill. The nurse recalled that she was exposed to naso- pharyngeal secretions and did not receive antibiotic pro- phylaxis. What two mistakes did the nurse make? How is meningitis transmitted? 2. Three patients in a large hospital acquired infections of Burkholderia cepacia during their stay. All three patients received cryoprecipitate, which is prepared from blood that has been frozen in a standard plastic blood transfer pack. The transfer pack is then placed in a water bath to thaw. What is the probable origin of the infections? What characteristics of Burkholderia would allow it to be involved in this type of infection? 3. Following is a case history of a 49-year-old man. Identify each period in the pattern of disease that he experienced. On February 7. he handled a parakeet with a respiratory illness. On March 9, he experienced intense pain in his legs, followed by severe chills and headaches. On March 16, he had chest pains, cough, and diarrhea, and his temperature was 40°C. Appropriate antibiotics were administered on March 17, and his fever subsided within 12 hours. He continued taking antibiotics for 14 days. (Note: The disease is psittacosis. Can you find the etiology?) 4. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare is prevalent in AIDS patients. In an effort to determine the source of this infection, hospital water systems were sampled. The water contained chlorine. Percentage of Samples with M. avium Hot Water Cold Water February 88% February June 50% June 11% What is the usual method of transmission for Mycobacterium? What is a probable source of infection in hospitals? How can such nosocomial infections be prevented? 2296 ates) MacBook Pro

Answer 1

1)Neisseria meningitidis is a gram negative bacteria causing life threatening disease named Meningitis. The most common route of infection transmission is through direct contact with infected one through droplet or respiratory secretions. Meningitis is defined as the infection and inflammatory changes that occurs in the lining that surrounds the brain and the spinal cord. The incubation period ranges between 2-10 days. The common symptoms includes stiffness of the neck, hyperthermia,headaches,photophobia.

The two mistakes done by the nurse are: failure to use appropriate precaution measure in transmitting the infection like wearing eye goggles and N95 higher respiratory protection mask. Failure to report the exposure to the hospital infection control committee immediately and failure to take post exposure prophylaxis treatment with antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis.

2) Burkholderia cepacia is a gram negative bacillus frequently form colonies int he solutions or fluids ex) cryoprecipitates, intravenous solutions, irrigation fluids used in the hospital sector. The reason of B cepacia growth in cryoprecipitate is due to the water bath used to thaw the prepared medium. Since B. Cepacia is normally found in aquatic animals .

3)Psittacosis is a zoonotic diseases that is also refers as parrot fever. The etiology of the disease is Chlamydophila psittaci commonly transmitted from the infected parrots,sparrows,ducks and other birds to the human.

4)Mycobacterium avium intracellulare is a non tuberculous mycobacteria. It is commonly found in water,soil,household dust. Research studies reveals hospital water act as a source of mycobacterium avium pathogens. The remedial measures includes draining the water heater every 2 week, removing and cleaning shower heads as it acts as a reservoir of infection, Usage of boiling water to kill mycobacterium, replacing all carbon filters every week, treat potting soils as it acts as a source of M avium.