Question

RESPIRATION 2 1. Which are the factors that affect diffusion of gases across the alveolar membrane? 2. Describe different respiratory units in terms of ventilation/perfusion ratio. 3. How are Oxygen and CO2 transported in blood? 4. What is physiological dead space? Know the formula for calculation alveolar ventilation rate. 5. Describe location of chemoreceptors. Which stimuli affect their activity? 6. Describe all lung receptors. What are the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system on respiration? OBSTRUCTIVE & RESTRICTIVE DISEASES 1. What do you mean by acute response versus late phase response in asthma? 2. Provide the changes that occur in lung volumes in obstructive disease. 3. How does aspirin induce asthma? 4. Describe the pathogenesis of COPD and the morphologic types of emphysema that may result. (Pink Puffers versus Blue bloaters). 5. Drugs used for treating asthma and then mechanism of action of the drugs 6. Discuss different types of pneumonia. 7. Describe the pathogenesis of pneumococcal (bacterial) pneumonia. 8. Describe the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. 9. What does it mean by hypersensitive reaction in tuberculosis? 10. Differentiate between primary and secondary tuberculosis. 11. How is diagnosis made for tuberculosis? What are the treatment? 12. Describe body's defense mechanisms in order to prevent the infection in the lung tissues by bacteria or virus. EXCRETORY SYSTEM I: 1. Functions of kidney 2. Anatomy of kidney and structure of the

Answer 1

* Factors that affect diffusion of gases across the alveolar membrane are- D Solubility of gases 2) Partial 'pressore gradient 3) Diseased condition 4) Surface Area. * Different respiratory units in terms of pe ventilation) Perfusion ratio O When ventilation - zero but perfusion present then W/Q is zero ☺ when alveolar Ventilation and blood flow is normal the V/Q is normal. O I ventilation present but no perfusion then V/Q=0 * Transfer of Oxygen & CO2 in blood: © The inhaled gas contains both ouygen P CO2 o When gas go inside, the oxygen carried in blood bound to hemoglobin. The carbon dioxide in a Small amount get accumulated in the tissue due to high partial pressure of CO₂, hence blood flowing through capillaries gain CO2. Physiological dead space :- 97 Includes where ventilation is there but no perfusion. It also involves the waste Ventilation f anatomical dead space. Formula For Alveolar Ventilation rate = Fridal volume - dead space] x respiratory rate