Question

Heterogeneous catalysts are extensively exploited in many process industries, mainly the chemical, petrochemical, agrochemical, and pharmaceutical sectors. However, for their successful use, heterogeneous catalysts have to withstand the conditions within the chemical reactor without attrition or degradation. Based this scenario submit a report on Heterogeneous Catalytic Systems in Chemical process industries with suitable recommendations.

1) Heterogeneous systems in chemical process industries

2) Catalytic Applications of Heterogeneous Systems

3) Thermodynamics of Heterogeneous Systems with Chemical Interaction

4) Recent developments of heterogeneous systems

5) Conclusion and future recommendations

Answer 1

(1) Heterogeneous catalyst is the type of catalyst where the phase of the catalyst different from the phase of the reactant.

--heterogeneous catalysts involves solid phase and gas phase reactants.in this type of reaction there is a cycle of absorption ,reaction and in last desorption.

--example:

haber - basch process uses metal-based catalyst in the synthesis of ammonia,an important components in fertilizer.

sulfuric acid synthesis (vanadium oxides as a catalysts)

ammonium synthesis (iron oxide on aluminium)

(2) catalysts are useful because they increase the rate of reaction without themselves being consumed and are therefore reusable.

--it anables faster,larger scale production and selective product formation.

--90% of the chemicals production is assisted by solid catalysts.

--it gives easy separation of catalyst and product.

(3) The state diagrams of reactive system have more complex structure than those of systems without reaction.to take into account the position of chemical equilibrium manifolds,reaction line and surfaces. for that we established the relation between heterogeneous catalyst and thermodynamics.

we are analyzing the the liquid vapour system with the equilibrium chemical reaction.

v1A1 + v2A2 = V3A3

v=stoichiometric coefficient of substances.A=components

(4) we develop new combinations of catalyst reactor system that limit or prevent transport problems.carbon fibers attached to structured catalyst support .the fibers create a hairy layer on the macrostructure thus increasing porosity and surface area.and carbon fiber is strong and chemically inert against acid and alkaline liquids.

(5)conclusion: that heterogeneous catalyst id better than homogeneous catalyst.

recommendation : we should have to develop process in which deactivation of catalyst is nearly zero and we can use it for long time.