Question

1ai. Why layered network architectures. Give a concise description of how layer networks are implemented.

ii. Describe the function and services offered by TCP/IP protocols.

iii. The following terms have been used to describe the hypertext transfer protocol(HTTP) protocol: client-server, stateless, non-persistent and persistent connection. Describe each term.

iv. Identify session layer and presentation layer function in the HTTP protocol.

b. Suppose a computer is moved from one department to another. Answer yes or no to the following questions and explain your answer.

i. Does the physical address need to change?

ii. Does the IP address need to change?

iii. Does it make a difference if the computer is a laptop?

Answer 1

Answer:

1

a) Layered network architecture:

An architecture in which data moves from one defined level of processing to another.

Example: Communications protocols.

Why layered architecture?

1) To make the design process easy by breaking unmanageable tasks into several smaller and manageable tasks.

2) Modularity and clear interfaces, to provide compatability.

3) Ensure independence of layers, so that implementation of each layer can be changed or modified without affecting other layers.

4) Each layer can be analyzed and tested independently of all other layers.

Implementation:

When data is being transmitted across the internet the data is chopped up into small blocks.

Each layer can add headers to these blocks.

These headers are removed by the peer layer on the receive side. This allow communication between the peers so that they may coordinate to achieve the objectives of their layer.

The effect is that two peers on the send and receive side implement an abstract service that is used by the layer above. The layer above sends and receives data in a format that is suitable to its own objectives.

ii)

Functions and services by TCP/IP protocol

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a standard that defines how to establish and maintain a network conversation via which application programs can exchange data.

TCP works with the Internet Protocol (IP), which defines how computers send packets of data to each other.

TCP is a connection-oriented protocol, which means a connection is established and maintained until the application programs at each end have finished exchanging messages.

It determines how to break application data into packets that networks can deliver, sends packets to and accepts packets from the network layer, manages flow control, because it is meant to provide error-free data transmission.

It handles re transmission of dropped or garbled packets as well as acknowledgement of all packets that arrive.

b)

i)No, the physical address does not need to change when a computer is moved from one department to another.

ii) The IP address can or cannot changes because it depends on the network you are connected from.

If you change the router even if you don’t move your computer to different places, the IP address would change.

So, the IP address can or cannot change depending on whether you are using a different network or the same.

iii)

It has nothing to do with actual position of a computer or a laptop in the real world.

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