Question

Section Two: True (a) or False (b) 40. The "Tragedy of the Commons" was an environmental article written by Ralph Nader. 41. Externalizing costs is the act of disregarding or discounting resources or goods that contribute to prođucing something but for which the producer does not actually pay. 42. External costs are always easy to quantify 43. Urban sprawl is the term for large, but well-planned cities organizing space efficiently. 44. The consequences of urbanization in many developing countries include overstressed infrastructure, pollution, and crowding, and is not sustainable 45. Cost-benefit analysis can be a useful tool in environmental management. 46. Sustainable development means extending progress, without exhausting resources, beyond the foresceable future 47. Solid waste includes domestic, commereial, industrial agricultural, and mining wastes that are primarily non-toxic. 48. Incineration is currently the leading method of disposing of solid waste 49. Petroleum and natural gas were used in large quantities since the late 1700's in the U.S.A. 50. Cities and their surrounding suburbs together are called a metropolitan area, while several metropolitan areas merging together are called a megalopolis.

Answer 1

40. The given statement is false because " The Tragedy of Commons" is written by Garrett Hardin (1968) who is an American philosopher and ecologist. This article is based on Economy theory and use of natural resources by people.

41. Cost externalizing is the cost of production by the producer which is future used by society in all. Externalizing of cost meant for the companies which reflects greater profit which is further paid by society. In short, it's the maximization of profit. Hence, the given statement is false.

42. The given statement is False because external cost also known as negative externalities is never the part cost of transactions and its allied activities. It can't be controlled or measured empirically. It is usually levied on third party. They are also not part of the price of the product. It is paid by society as a whole through tax, compensation and other payments. Hence, it is not easy to quantity external cost.

43. The unrestricted growth in different areas of housing and development, commercial activities, road and land expansion which comes under Urban planning is known as Urban sprawl. It is synonyms to urbanization ( which also includes migration of people from populated cities to low population density area). It is the expansion of the geographical area which focuses on multidimensional perspectives of development. Hence, the given statement is false.