Question

11. The term "disease" refers to what? Briefly describe 3 different examples of diseases to support your answer 12. Referring to the text, lecture and instructional videos that you watched, describe what the pharmacokinetic terms plasma t 1/2, AUC, Cmax, Clearance and Volume of Distribution (VOD) mean for any drug. When dose (D) increases in general how would you expect the t1/2, AUC, Cmax and VOD to respond? If plasma clearance of the drug is reduced due to liver or kidney disease, how do you think the t1/2, AUC., Cmax and VOD would be affected? Briefly describe how you would go about determining the plasma t1/2 for a new drug molecule that is being developed for nuclear medical imaging 13. With respect to drugs, what do the terms "pharmacokinetics" and "pharmacodynamics" mean and how are they clearly different? Briefly describe the pharmacokinetics of a drug of your choice used for nuclear medical imaging and explain how pharmacokinetics are essential to obtaining the desired imaging/diagnostic results with this drug

Answer 1

11. Disease is a condition that negatively affects the functions of an organism . They have signs and symtoms which describes the disease .

Examples of disease :-

- diabetes

- measles

- coronary artery disease

12. Pharmacokinetics terms :-

Volume of distribution - the theoretical size (volume ) of space required to contain the amount of drug in the body given its concentration in specific fluids .

Clearance - the characterization of the volume which the body through elimination can completely remove all drug in a given period of time .

Half Life - the length of time necessary to eliminate 50% of the remaining amount of drug present in the body .

AUC - The area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve (AUC) reflects the actual body exposure to drug after administration of a dose of the drug and is expressed in mg*h/L.

Cmax - is the maximum serum concentration that a drug achieves in a specified compartment of the body after the drug has been administrated and before the administration of a second dose

As the dose of a drug increases , all the pharmacokinetics terms - VOD , AUC ,Cmax, Clearance , Half life also increases.

If the clearance is affected means decreases due to liver or kidney disease ,then VOD ,AUC ,Cmax and Half life will increase .

13. Difference between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics

Pharmacodynamics is the branch of pharmacology concerned with the effects of drugs and mechanism of their action.

Pharmacokinetics is the branch of pharmacology which deals with the movement of drug within the body.