Question

1) a causal association between factor and outcome can refer to a) statistical independence b) secondary association c) indirect asosicaiton d) Drirection association e) both c & d The death rate per 100,000 for lung cancer is 7 among non-smokers and 71 among smokers. The death rate per 100,000 for coronary thrombosis is 422 among non-smokers and 599 among smokers. The prevalence of smoking in the population is 55%.

1) among smokers the etiologic fraction of disease due to smoking is: a) .90 for lung cancer & .29 for coronary thrombosis b) .90 for lung cancer & .88 for coronary thrombosis c) .89 for lung cancer & .29 for coronary thrombosis d) can't be determined from the info provided e) a) .89 for lung cancer & .88 for coronary thrombosis

2) on the basis of the relative risk and etiologic fractions associated with smoking for lung cancer or coronary thrombosis, which of the following statements is most likely to be correct? a) smoking does not seem to be casually related to either lung cancer or coronary thrombosis b) smoking seems much more likely to be casually related to coronary thrombosis than to lung cacner smoking seems to be equally casually related d) smoking seems to be much more likely related than coronary thrombosis e) no comparative statement is possible between the two

Answer 1

1. Both c & d

Indirect and direct association. This is a difficult issue. It totally relies on observational studies. No one criteria can easily resolves.

2. Ans: d

smoking seems to be much more likely related than coronary thrombosis.

Related with smoking risk in coronary thrombosis is 1.42 and for lung cancer the it is 0.30 or 30%.