1)
Independent variable: Social Status
Dependent variable: Health Condition
Level of measurement: Both the variables are nominal (categorical)
1. Health Condition:two categories: i. Fair/poor, ii. Excellent/Good
2. Social Status: two categories: i. Lower and Working Class ii. Middle and Upper Class
2)
Lower and Working Class | Middle and Upper Class | Total | |
Fair/poor | 220 | 136 | 356 |
Excellent/Good | 472 | 521 | 993 |
Total | 692 | 657 | 1349 |
3)
The percentage values are obtained by dividing each cell's frequency by total frequency times 100.
Lower and Working Class | Middle and Upper Class | Total | |
Fair/poor | 16.3084 | 10.0815 | 26.3899 |
Excellent/Good | 34.9889 | 38.6212 | 73.6101 |
Total | 51.2973 | 48.7027 | 100 |
4)
Lower and Working Class are more likely to Fair/Poor (16.3084%) compare to Middle and Upper class (10.0815%). Lower and Working Class are (16.3084 - 10.0815 = 6.2268% more likely compare to Middle and Upper class.
5)
The null and alternative hypothesis are defined as,
Null hypothesis, Ho:There is no association between two variables.
Alternative hypothesis, Ha There is an association present between the two variables
Here we are taking about the whole population.
6)
The expected values are obtained using the formula,
The expected values are,
Lower and Working Class | Middle and Upper Class | Total | |
Fair/poor | 182.618 | 173.382 | 356 |
Excellent/Good | 509.382 | 483.618 | 993 |
Total | 692 | 657 | 1349 |
7)
Now the Chi-Square Value is obtained using the formula
Observed | Expected | (O-E) | (O-E)^2 | (O-E)^2/E |
220 | 182.618236 | 37.38176 | 1397.396 | 7.652009 |
136 | 173.381764 | -37.3818 | 1397.396 | 8.05965 |
472 | 509.381764 | -37.3818 | 1397.396 | 2.743318 |
521 | 483.618236 | 37.38176 | 1397.396 | 2.889462 |
Sum | 21.34444 |
8)
9)
10)
Since chi square value is greater than hence the null hypothesis is rejected.
11)
There is statistically significant association between social status and health condition.
12)
may be the reason of biased sampling or not taken random sampling.
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