The average normal concentration of Ca2+ in urine is 5.33 g/L.
(a) What concentration of oxalate is needed to precipitate calcium oxalate to initiate formation of a kidney stone? Ksp of calcium oxalate = 2.3 × 10–9.
(b) What minimum phosphate concentration would it take to precipitate a calcium phosphate kidney stone? Ksp of calcium phosphate = 1 × 10–25.
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