Toast lands jelly-side down You are preparing the breakfast table with coffee and a...

Toast lands jelly-side down You are preparing the breakfast table with coffee and a plate of toast. While setting the plate down, you accidently tilt it slightly so that the toast slides off and falls to the floor. It always seems to land jelly-side down. Newton’s laws and the laws of rotational dynamics are partly to blame. The toast leaves the plate with a small rotational velocity and continues to rotate as it falls. From the height of a typical table, this small rotation almost always causes the toast to make a one-half rotation and land jelly-side down. If it started at a higher initial position, like your elbow when standing, it might have a greater number of rotations and land jelly-side up; but if slightly tilted when landing it might bounce and flip over with jelly-side down. If it first lands jelly-side down, it does not bounce but remains stuck to the floor. Another interesting observation is that the toast lands jelly-side down only if it slides slowly off the plate. If it is shoved from the table with high velocity, it can land either way.

Suppose a tidal basin is 5 m above the ocean at low tide and that the area of the basin is 4 X 10⁷ sq m (about 4 miles by 4 miles). Which answer below is closest to the gravitational potential energy change if the water is released from the tidal basin to the low-tide ocean level? The density of water is 1000 kg/m³. [Hint: The level does not change by 5 m for all of the water.]