Example 6.3 gives the refractive index for high-frequency electromagnetic radiation passing through Earth’s ionosphere. The constant b, related to the so- called plasma frequency, varies with atmospheric conditions, but a typical value is 8 ×1015 rad2/s2. Given a GPS pulse of frequency 1.5 GHz traveling through 8 km of ionosphere, by how much, in meters, would the wave group and a particular wave crest be ahead of or behind (as the case may be) a pulse of light passing through, the same distance of vacuum?
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