Problem

Using EVA and MVA at OutSource, INC.*“I’ve been hearing a lot lately about something calle...

Using EVA and MVA at OutSource, INC.*

“I’ve been hearing a lot lately about something called MVA. which stands for Market Value Added, and I was curious whether it is something we can use at OSI.” This was Keith Martin’s comment as he finished eating his lunch. Keith is president and CEO of OutSource. Inc. His guest for lunch that day was a computer-industry analyst from a local brokerage firm. Keith invited him to lunch to get more information on MVA and its uses.

“Yes,” replied the analyst, “I’ve heard a great deal about MVA. It’s based on Economic Value Added, or EVA, which is a residual income approach where a firm’s net operating profit after taxes—called NOPAT—is compared with a minimum level of return a firm must earn on the total amount of capital placed at its disposal.”

“Have you seen the most recent issue of Fortune?” he continued, as he handed a copy of the publication to Keith. “It has an article1 in it updating Stern Stewart’s list of the top 1,000 firms ranked by MVA. You will also be interested in an earlier Fortune article2 on EVA; however, don’t be misled by the simplicity of the EVA calculations in that article. The after-tax operating profit—NOPAT—and the amount used for capital don’t come directly off the financial statements. You have to analyze the footnotes to determine the adjustments that have to be made to come up with those amounts; Bennett Stewart calls them equity equivalents.”

“Those articles sound like very interesting reading for me at the point I’m at on this topic,” said Keith. “Can you send me a copy of the earlier article too?”

“Yes, I will.” said the analyst. “But tell me, what is it about MVA and EVA that piqued your interest in trying them at OSI?”

“In tracking our industry,” Keith replied, “I see the stock prices of some of our key competitors, like Equifax, increasing. Yet, when I compare OSI’s recent growth in sales and earnings, our return on equity and earnings per share compare well, but our stock price doesn’t achieve nearly the same rate of increase, and I don’t understand why.”

The analyst offered that “some of those firms might be benefiting from using EVA already, and the market value of their stock probably reflects the results of their efforts. It’s been shown that a higher level of correlation exists between EVA and a stock’s market value than has been found with the traditional accounting performance measures, like ROE or EPS.”

“But the MVA 1,000 ranking probably includes only large firms,” Keith observed after lookinp over the article the analyst had given him. “Will EVA work in a small service firm like OSI?”

“Most of the largest U.S. firms are in the Stem Stewart MVA ranking,” said the analyst, “but I’ve read about EVA being used at smaller firms. And some firms in the ranking are service firms, such as AT&T, McDonald’s, Marriott International, and Dun&Bradstreet. I’m not an expert on MVA or EVA, but I don’t see any reason why it wouldn’t work at OSI.”

“I’d like to find out more in detail about MVA and EVA and how we can use it at OSI. For example, we’ve talked about a new incentive plan; will it work in that area? And, if so, will it help us in deciding how we should organize and manage our operations as we expand and grow in the future? What can you do to get more information on these things to me fairly soon?”

“An application EVA is touted for is its use in incentive plans,” replied the analyst. “I have a team of MBA students from Wake Forest assigned to me this fall to do an indus- try-related project and I was looking for something ‘meaty’ for them to do. This looks like just the ticket. I’ll brief them on it and have them come over to get the necessary information and interview you.”

“Great! I look forward to meeting them,” said Keith. “And, in that case, lunch is on me,” as he reached for the check.

Company Information

OutSource, Inc. (OSI) is a computer service bureau that provides basic data processing and general business support services to a number of business firms, including several large firms in their immediate local area. Its offices are in a large city in the mid-Atlantic region, and it serves client firms in several mid-Atlantic states. OSI’s revenues have grown fairly rapidly in recent years as businesses have downsized and outsourced many of their basic support services.

The CorpInfo Data Service (CIDS) classifies OSI as an information services firm (SIC 7374). This group is composed, in large part, of smaller, independent entrepreneurs that provide a variety of often disparate services to both corporate and government clients. Market analysts feel a continuously healthy economy translates into strong potential for higher earnings by members of this group. A factor sustaining an extended period of growth is the increased attention of firms to control costs and to outsource their noncore functions, such as personnel placement, payroll, human resources, insurance, and data processing. This trend is expected to continue, probably at an increasing rate, through to the end of the decade. Several firms in this industry have capitalized on their growth and geographic expansion to win lucrative contracts with large clients that previously had been awarded on a market-by-market basis.

Although OSI operates out of its own facilities, which include some computing equipment and furniture, the bulk of its computer processing power is obtained from excess computer capacity in the local area, primarily rented time during third-shift operations at a large local bank. However, to be successful in the long-term, OSI management knows it must expand its business considerably, and, to ensure it has full control over its operations, it must set up its own large-scale computing facility in-house. These items are included in OSl’s long-range strategic plan.

As OSI’s reputation for accurate, reliable, quick response service has spread, the firm has found new business coming its way in a variety of data processing and support services. The issue has been deciding which services to take on or to stay out of in light of the current limitations on OSI’s computing resources and to ensure that they can continue to provide high-quality service to customers. Things are definitely looking up for OSI, and industry market analysts have recently begun to look more lavorably on their stock.

In 1993, OSI’s board decided to pursue additional opportunities in payroll processing and lax filing services, and OSI purchased a medium-sized firm that had an established market providing payroll calculating, processing, and reporting services for several Fortune 500 firms on the East Coast. OSI is now in the midst of developing a new payroll processing system, called PayNet, to replace the outmoded system that was originally created by the firm it acquired.

Once PayNet is developed, it will give users an integrated payroll solution with a simple, familiar graphical user interface. From an administrative perspective, it will allow OSI to reduce its manual data entry personnel, speed data compilation and analysis, and simplify administrative tasks and the updating of customer files for adds, moves, and changes. PayNet will serve as the backbone for OSI’s service bureau payroll processing operations in the future; however, developmental and programming costs are proving to be higher than expected and will delay the roll-out of the final version of the new payroll engine. Beta testing of the production version of PayNet is being delayed from the second to the third quarter.

Additional Accounting Information

OSI’s financial statements for 1995 appear in Exhibit 1. The following is a list of information pertinent to calculating a firm’s EVA extracted from the footnotes to OSI’s financial statements for 1995.

A.  Inventories are stated principally at cost (last-in, first-out), which is not in excess of market. Replacement cost would be $2,796 greater than in 1994 and $3,613 greater than in 1995.

B. Deferred tax expense results from timing differences in recognizing revenue and expense for tax and reporting purposes.

C. On July 1, 1993, the Company acquired CompuPay, a payroll processing and reporting service firm. The acquisition was accounted for as a purchase, and the excess of cost over the fair value of net assets acquired was $109,200, which is being amortized on a straight-line basis over 12 years. One-half year of goodwill amortization was recorded in 1993.

D. Research and development costs related to software development are expensed as incurred. Software development costs are capitalized from the point in time when the technological feasibility of a piece of software has been determined until it is ready to be put on line to process customer data. The cost of purchased software, which is ready for service, is capitalized on acquisition. Software development costs and purchased software costs are amortized using the straight-line method over periods ranging from three to seven years. A history of the accounting treatment of software development costs and purchased software costs follows:

 

EXPENSED

CAPITALIZED

AMORTIZED

1993

$166,430

$9,585

0

1994

211,852

5,362

$4,511

1995

89,089

18,813

5,111

 

$467,371

$33,760

$9,622

EXHIBIT 1 OSI 1995 Financial Statements

Out Source, Inc. Balance Sheet (December 31)

 

ASSETS

1995

1994

Current Assets

Cash

$144,724

$169,838

Trade and other receivables (net)

217,085

192,645

Inventories

15,829

23,750

Other

61,047

49,239

Total current assets

$438,685

$435,472

Noncurrent Assets

Property, plant, and equipment

$123,135

$109,600

Software and development costs

33,760

14,947

Data processing equipment and furniture

151.357

141,892

Other noncurrent assets

3,650

8,844

 

$311,902

$275,283

Less: Accumulated depreciation

85,018

57,929

Total noncurrent assets

$226,884

$217,354

Goodwill

88,200

96,600

Tetal assets

$753,769

$749,426

Liabilities and Shareholders Equity

Current Liabilities

Short-term debt + current portion of long-term note

$ 27.300

S 31.43S

Accounts payable

67.085

57,483

Deferred income

45,050

32,250

Income taxes payable

19,936

12,100

Employee compensation and benefits payable

30,155

28,950

Other accrued expenses

28,458

27,553

Other current liabilities

17,192

29,769

Total current liabilities

$235,176

$219,543

Long-term debt less current portion

98,744

117,155

Deferred income taxes

6,784

4,850

Shareholders' Equity

Cumulative nonconvertible preferred stock, $100 par value, authorized 5,000 shares, issued and outstanding 1,000 shares

100,000

100.000

Common stock, $1 par value; 300,000 shares authorized 219,884 shares issued and outstanding

219,884

219,884

Additional paid-in capital

32,056

32,056

Retained earnings

61,125

55.938

Total shareholders' equity

413,065

$407,878

Total liabilities and shareholders equity

$753,769

$749,426

1995

Statement of Income for Year Ended December 31, 1995

Operating revenue

$2,604,530

 

Less: Costs of services

1,466,350

 

Gross profit

$1,138,180

 

Less: Operating expenses

 

 

Selling, general and administrative

902,388

 

Research and development

89,089

 

Other expense (income)

59,288

 

Write-off of goodwill and other intangibles

13,511

 

Earnings (loss) before, interest and taxes

$73,904

 

Interest income

1,009

 

Interest expense

12,427

 

Earnings (loss) before income taxes

$62,486

 

Income tax provision

21,870

 

Earnings (loss)

$40,616

 

Statement of Cash Flows For Year Ended December 31, 1995

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Net Eearnings (Loss)

$40,616

 

Depreciation

21,978

 

Amortization of software&development costs

5,111

 

Decrease (Increase) in accounts receivables

(24.440)

 

Decrease (Increase) in inventories

7,921

 

Decrease (Increase) in other current assets

(11,808)

 

Increase (Decrease) in deferred income

9,602

 

Increase (Decrease) in accounts payable

12,800

 

Increase (Decrease) in income taxes payable

7,836

 

Increase (Decrease) in employee compensation

1,205

 

Increase (Decrease) in other accrued expenses

905

 

Increase (Decrease) in other current liabilities

(12,577)

 

Increase (Decrease) in deferred income taxes

1,934

 

Net cash provided by operating activities

$61,083

 

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

 

Expended for capital assets

($36,619)

 

Goodwill amortized

8,400

 

Net cash used for investing activities

($28,219)

 

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

 

 

Payment of long-term note

($4,138)

 

Payment of short-term note

(18,411)

 

Preferred dividends

(11,000)

 

Common stock dividends

(24,429)

 

Net cash used for financing activities

($57,978)

 

Net cash flows used ($25,114)

 

 

Cash at beginning of year

$169,838

 

Cash at end of year

$144,724

 

Additional Financial Information

OSl’s common stock is currently trading at $2.00 per share. A preferred dividend of $11 per share was paid in 1995, and the current price of the preferred stock is approximately at its par value. Other information pertaining to OSI’s debt and stock follows:

RATE

Short-term debt:

$8,889

8.0%

Long-term debt:

 

 

Current portion

$18,411

10.0%

Long-term portion

$98,744

10.0%

Total long-term debt

$117,155

 

Stock market risk-free rate

 

5.0%

(90-day T-bills)

 

 

Expected return on the market

 

12.5%

Beta value of OSI’s

common stock

 

1.20

Growth rate of dividends

 

8.00%

Income tax

 

35.0%

Requirements

The management of OutSource, Inc., has asked you to prepare a report explaining EVA (economic value added) and MVA (market value added), how they are calculated, and how they compare with traditional measures of a firm’s financial performance. OSI’s management would also like to know the advantages and disadvantages of using EVA to evaluate the firm’s performance on an ongoing basis as well as in assessing the performance of individual man agers throughout its organization. As part of your report, calculate EVA and MVA from OutSource, Inc.’s, financial statements for 1995. Finally, OSI’s management would like to know if EVA can be used as pail of an incentive system for it” employees and how they should proceed to implement such an incentive system at OutSource, Inc.

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