The whirling-arm test device used in 1804 by Sir George Cayley is shown in Figure 1.7. Cayley was the first person to make measurements of the lift on inclined surfaces. In his 1804 notebook, he wrote that on a flat surface moving through the air at 21.8 ft/s at 3° angle of attack, a lift force of 1 ounce was measured. The flat surface was a 1 ft by 1 ft square. Calculate the lift coefficient for this condition. Compare this measured value with that predicted by the expression for lift coefficient for a flat-plate airfoil in incompressible flow given by c1 = 2πα, where α is in radians. What are the reasons for the differences in the two results? (See Anderson, A History of Aerodynamics and Its Impact on Flying Machines, Cambridge University Press. 1997, pp. 68–71. for a detailed discussion of this matter.)
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