Consider a 4-m-high retaining wall with a vertical back and horizontal granular backfill,...

Consider a 4-m-high retaining wall with a vertical back and horizontal granular backfill, as shown in Figure 1. Given: γ = 18 kN/m3, φ9 = 408, c9 = 0, δ9 = 20°, kv = 0, and kh = 0.2. Determine the passive force Ppe per unit length of the wall taking the earthquake effect into consideration.

Figure 1 Nature of failure surface in soil considered in the analysis to determine P pe