A. This is an inference. The data suggest that IQ was not correlated with expertise; experts don’t necessarily know what they do and what nonexperts don’t do that produces the final outcomes.
B. This is an observation. The criterion was clearly stated as recognition of a number of possible causes and solutions.
C. This is an inference. The respondents had a multiple choice by selection of responses to choose.
D. This is an assumption. The summary does not present the types of responses of scoring; thus it is unclear how respondents answered.
E. This is an observation. The answers included moral statements with explanations.