A. This is not the best answer. The trait model is exemplified by Costa and McCrae, and has a mechanistic foundation.
B. This is not the best answer. The stage model is exemplified by Erikson and Levinson, and has an organismic metatheoretical foundation.
C. This is not the best answer. The self-concept model is exemplified by Susan Krauss Whitbourne’s identity styles, and has an organismic foundation.
D. This is the best answer. The stage model is exemplified by Vaillant, and has an organismic metatheoretical foundation.
E. This is not the best answer. The timing-of-events model is exemplified by Neugarten, and has a contextual foundation.