Problem

Choose one of the drugs from the Representative Antimicrobials table on pages 189–191 and...

Choose one of the drugs from the Representative Antimicrobials table on pages 189–191 and differentiate between the generic and brand names. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Representative Antimicrobials
Category, Name a and Route	Uses and Diseases	Actions	Usual Dose b and Special Instructions	Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Antibiotics
Azithromycin(Zithromax) Oral, IV	Acute bacterial excerbations of COPD due to Haemophilus infuenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneu-moniae, pneumonia, genital ulcers, skin infections, urethritis, cervicitis	Binds to the bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit inhibiting protein synthesis (macrolide)	500 mg PO on day 1 followed by 250 mg daily on days 2–5 for a total of 1.5 g	Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, anorexia, dizziness, headache
Cephalexin ( Keflex) Oral	Respiratory, genitourinary, bone, and skin infections; otitis media	Interferes with the final step in the formation of the bacterial cell wall, resulting in unstable cell membranes undergoing lysis, bactericidal (Cephalosporin)	250 mg q 6 hrs up to 4 g per day	Nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps or pain, dyspepsia, glossitis, heartburn, urticaria, headache, malaise
Amoxicillin ( Amoxil, Polymox) Oral	Ear, nose, throat, genitourinary, skin, lower respiratory, and uncomplicated gonococcal infections	Inhibits cell wall synthesis, cell growth and division, bactericidal (penicillin)	500 mg q 8 hrs or 500 mg q 12 hrs	Skin rashes, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps or pain, dizziness
Amoxicillin and clavulanate (Augmentin) Oral	Lower respiratory infection, otitis media, urinary tract infection, skin infections	Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis	250 mg PO q 8 hrs; 500 mg q 12 hrs (severe infection); watch patient closely for allergic reaction	Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hypersensitiv-ity reactions such as rash, chills, shortness of breath
Erythromycin Oral, IV	Acute pelvic inflammatory disease, endocarditis prophylaxis for dental work, respiratory infection	Inhibits protein synthesis	250–550 mg PO q 6 hrs	Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain
Gentamicin (Garamycin) I V, IM	Bloodstream infections, serious infections, meningitis, endocarditis prophylaxis for GI or GU surgery	Inhibits protein synthesis	3 mg/kg daily in divided doses; IM or IV infusion q 8 hrs	Kidney damage, hearing loss, upset of balance; drug levels must be closely monitored
Sulfamethoxazole/ trimethoprim (Septra, Bactrim) Oral, IV	Bronchitis, urinary tract infections, otitis media	Blocks folate metabolism pathway	One double-strength tablet PO q 12 hrs; encourage fluids	Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, rash, allergic reaction to sulfa
Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) Oral	Pneumonia, bone infection, urinary tract infection, skin infection	Inhibits DNA gyrase	500 mg PO q 12 hrs; do not take with antacids	Headache, nausea, diarrhea, rash
Antivirals
Amphotericin B (Fungizone) Oral, IV	Systemic fungal infections	Damages fungal cell wall	100 mg PO QID for 7 to 10 days	Fever, chills, nausea, weight loss, anorexia, kidney damage, vein irritation
Acyclovir (Zovirax) Oral, I V, topical	Herpes simplex, chickenpox, genital herpes	Stops viral replication	200 mg PO q 4 hrs	Kidney damage, headache, confusion, irritability, nausea, vomiting