Imagine you are an explorer who has just discovered two previously unknown large islands. Each island has a population of a species of shrub unknown elsewhere. On Island A, the shrubs have high concentrations of certain poisonous chemicals in their leaves. On Island B, the shrubs have nonpoisonous, edible leaves. The islands differ in many ways—for instance, Island A has less rainfall and a colder winter than Island B, and it has some planteating insects that are not found on Island B. Island A also has a large population of muntjacs, a small tropical deer that loves to eat shrubs. You suspect the muntjacs have been the selective force that has caused evolution of leaf toxins. How could you test this hypothesis? What alternative hypotheses can you think of? What data would disprove your hypothesis, and what data would disprove the other hypotheses?
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