Masculinity and crime. Refer to the Journal of Sociology (July 2003) study on the link bet...

Masculinity and crime. Refer to the Journal of Sociology (July 2003) study on the link between the level of masculinityand criminal behavior in men, presented. The researcher identified eventsthat a sample of newly incarcerated men were involvedin and classified each event as “violent” (involving theuse of a weapon, the throwing of objects, punching,choking, or kicking) or “avoided-violent” (involvingpushing, shoving, grabbing, or threats of violence thatdid not escalate into a violent event). Each man (andcorresponding event) was also classified as possessing“high-risk masculinity” (scored high on the Masculinity–Femininity Scale test and low on the Traditional Outletsof Masculinity Scale test) or “low-risk masculinity.” Thedata on 1,507 events are summarized in the followingtable and saved in the HRM file

Based on Krienert, J. L. “Masculinity and crime: A quantitative exploration of Messerschmidt’s hypothesis.” Journal of Sociology, Vol. 7, No. 2, July 2003.

a. Identify the two categorical variables measured (and their levels) in the study.

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b. Identify the experimental units.

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c. If the type of event (violent or avoided-violent) is independent of high- low-risk masculinity, how many of the 1,507 events would you expect to be violent and involve a high-risk-masculine man?

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d. Repeat part c for the other combinations of event type and high- low-risk masculinity.

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e. Calculate the x2 statistic for testing whether event type depends on high- low-risk masculinity.

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f. Give the appropriate conclusion of the test mentioned in part e, using α = .05.

Reproduction of Part of Table V in Appendix A

Masculinity and crime. The Journal of Sociology (July 2003) published a study on the link between the level of masculinity and criminal behavior in men. Using a sample of newly incarcerated men in Nebraska, the researcher identified 1,171 violent events and 532 events in which violence was avoided that the men were involved in. (A violent event involved the use of a weapon, throwing of objects, punching, choking, or kicking. An event in which violence was avoided included pushing, shoving, grabbing, or threats of violence that did not escalate into a violent event.) Each of the sampled men took the Masculinity– Femininity Scale (MFS) test to determine his level of masculinity, based on common male stereotyped traits. MFS scores ranged from 0 to 56 points, with lower scores indicating a more masculine orientation. One goal of the research was to compare the mean MFS scores for two groups of men: those involved in violent events and those who avoided violent events.

a. Identify the target parameter for this study.

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b. The sample mean MFS score for the violent-event group was 44.50, while the sample mean MFS score for the avoided-violent-event group was 45.06. Is this sufficient information to make the comparison desired by the researcher? Explain.

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c. In a large-sample test of hypothesis to compare the two means, the test statistic was computed to be z = 1.21. Compute the two-tailed p -value of the test.

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d. Make the appropriate conclusion, using a = .10.